August 4, 1904] 



NA TURE 



335 



numerous examples which support his views that in the 

 main the process has been one of replacement, the intrusive 

 rock eating its way into sedimentary rock which remains 

 undisturbed above and below, and shows no sign of having 

 increased the thickness of the strata. In certain cases 

 where there is evidence of some displacement or mechanical 

 rupture in the rocks affected by igneous intrusions, he finds 

 that the extent of the displacement is, as a rule, by no 

 means commensurate with the volume of the rock intruded. 

 The subject was dealt with many years ago in an article 

 on the \Vhin Sill by .Mr. C. T. Clough, and that author, in 

 referring to the fact that the dolerite maintained a uniform 

 composition, although it replaced beds of diverse mineral 

 constitution, pointed out that these difficulties disappeared 

 when we regarded the molten rock as having a general 

 circulation in its mass which would lead to a uniformity 

 in its composition. Other observers, mentioned by Mr. 

 Goodchild, have dealt with this interesting subject, but it 

 has not before been so forcibly presented by an array of 

 facts to which the author has himself largely contributed. 



Figures of some notable crinoids are given in the 

 quarterly issue of the Smithsonian MisceUayieotis Collections 

 (vol. xlv., June 15). These illustrate some notes made by 

 Mr. Charles Schuchert, assistant curator of stratigraphic 

 palaeontology in the National Museum at Washington, who 

 spent four months in Europe studying fossil faunas and 

 their stratigraphic sequence in the field and in museums. 

 He returned with "sixteen boxes of European fossils," 

 which, as observed, will form " a good nucleus for com- 

 parative studies with the American faunas." 



Prof. R. S. Tarr has directed attention to a 

 series of artesian well borings which have been carried 

 through the lacustrine delta deposits on which the main 

 portion of the City of Ithaca, New York, is built. The 

 superficial strata comprise clays 40 to 60 feet thick, beneath 

 which are sands and gravels 20 to 70 feet, then glacial 

 lake clays about 100 feet, and at base (resting on the bed- 

 rock) a morainic series of till, sand and gravel, 80 feet or 

 more in thickness. The greatest thickness of drift was 

 342 feet. Artesian water was met with in both series of 

 gravels — that in the upper series being derived from the 

 alluvial fans opposite the mouths of the streams that descend 

 to the Ithaca delta. The water found in the deeper sands 

 and gravels is believed to be derived from the moraine which 

 occupies the Cayuga Valley, distant more than eleven miles 

 from the sites of the wells, and at a sufficient elevation 

 to account for a yield under pressure at one well of 300,000 

 gallons of water a day. 



In an article on the hanging valleys in the Finger Lake 

 region of central New York {Amer. Geol., May), Prof. 

 R. S. Tarr gives reasons for his conviction that the glacial 

 erosion theory cannot be accepted as proved in reference 

 to that area. The land having attained a condition of 

 topographic maturity, represented by the hanging valleys 

 and by the gentle slopes of the main walls above the 800-foot 

 contour, was subjected to rejuvenation. The effects of the 

 elevation were to increase the amount of stream erosion 

 along the main valleys, and although a moderate amount of 

 glacial erosion is allowed, it is not regarded as the main 

 factor in the production of the features. 



The 1902-3 eruptions of Mont PeMe, Martinique, and the 

 .Soufri6re, St. X'incent, form the subject of a report by Mr. 

 E. O. Hovey (Comptes rendus ix. Congres geol. iniernat. 

 de Vienne. 1903). This report is based on data obtained 

 for the American Museum of Natural History, and gives 

 almost exclusively the result of the personal observations 

 of the author. These have been given from time to time 

 in Natl-re, especially with reference to the great " spine " 

 which appeared on Mont Pel^e. The historv of the 

 volcanoes has in the present publication been brought down 

 to the date of printing, February i, 1904. 



To the Proceedings of the Geologists' Association (vol. 

 xviii. part vii.). Miss Ethel G. Skeat contributes an article 

 on the Jurassic rocks of east Greenland, wherein the occur- 

 rence of Rha;tic-Lias and Lower Middle and Upper Oolitic 

 fossils is noted. The finding of such definite Upper Oolitic 

 forms as Astarte Sacmanni and Aucella Pallasi is of much 

 interest. Mr. C. D. Sherborn has prepared a useful index 

 to the four papers on zones of the white chalk of the 

 English coast by Dr. A. \V. Rowe and himself, and 

 this is published in the above mentioned Proceedings. 

 NO. 18 14, VOL. 70] 



UNIVERSITY AND EDUCATIONAL 

 INTELLIGENCE. 



Oxford.— Mr. J. Henderson Smith, Balliol College, has 

 been elected first Philip Walker student for three years. The 

 studentship was only founded during the past year, and is 

 for the furtherance of original research in pathology. 



The long vacation course of lectures which has been 

 arranged by the Oxford School of Geography was opened 

 on Tuesday last by Mr. H. J. Mackinder, the reader in 

 geography, who delivered an address. During the present 

 week lectures are to be given by Mr. Mackinder on " Lead- 

 ing Ideas of European Geography," by Mr. J. L. Myres 

 on "The Physical Conditions of Greek Civilisation," and 

 by the Rev. E. C. Spicer on " The Structure of the Oxford 

 Region." Next week the lecturers will be Mr. C. R. 

 Beazley, who will take as his subject " The Advance of 

 Geography— Land Travel, Oceanic Exploration and Scien- 

 tific Geography," and Prof. W. W. Watts, F.R.S., who will 

 speak on " Charnwood Forest as a Studv in the Origin of 

 Landscapes." 



Miss M. Stokes, Ph.D., has been appointed to a 

 demonstratorship in botany at the University of Manchester. 



Dr. G. Senter has been appointed lecturer in chemistry 

 at the St. Mary's Hospital Medical School, Paddington. 



The University of London will be represented at the Inter- 

 national Congress of Medicine, to be held at Lisbon in 

 April, 1906, by Sir Thomas Barlow, K.C.V.O., M.D. and 

 Dr. A. D. Waller, F.R.S. 



A RESE.ARCH Studentship of lool. a year for two years is 

 offered by the London School of Economics and Political 

 Science. The examination will be held on October 11 

 and 12. Full particulars may be obtained on application to 

 the director of the school, Clare .Market, London, W.C. 



We have received a copy of the Johns Hopkins University 

 Circular for July, which contains the programme of the 

 courses of study for 1904-5. Next session's work will be 

 the twenty-ninth year of instruction at this university in 

 Baltimore, and the provision made for every class of student 

 is remarkably complete. 



Prof, W. E. D.aley has been appointed professor of civil 

 and mechanical engineering at the Central Technical 

 College, South Kensington, in the place of Prof. W. C. 

 Unwin, F.R.S., resigned. Prof. Dalby has hitherto occupied 

 the chair of mechanical engineering and applied mathematics 

 at the City and Guilds Technical College, Finsbury. Appli- 

 cations for the filling of the latter post are invited. 



The Senate of the University of London has accepted the 

 offer made by the Goldsmiths' Company to provide an 

 additional sum of 5000/. in connection with the recent gift 

 to the university of the Goldsmiths' Institute at New Cross. 

 This further donation of the Goldsmiths' Company will 

 enable the university to carry on during 1904-5 at the New 

 Cross Institute the classes of a polytechnic character which 

 have proved very popular and useful in previous sessions. 

 The classes to be held next winter will be arranged by the 

 Senate in consultation with the London County Council. 



The Senate of the University of London has decided that 

 in future internal and external candidates for the Bachelor 

 of Science honours degree in botany, chemistry, physics, 

 physiology and zoology must produce note-books of their 

 laboratory work, which may include a record of any re- 

 search work in which they have participated. The eritries 

 in such note-books must be duly certified by the teacher if 

 any, and will be taken into account in estimating the qualifi- 

 cations of candidates, provided only that the research work 

 be not allowed to take the place' of such sound general 

 knowledge as should be required from an honours candidate. 



The Senate of the University of London and the council 

 of University College have now agreed on the text of the 

 Bill for the incorporation of the college in the university. 

 The sum required before the formal transfer can actually 

 be effected has not yet been received in full, about 18,000/. 

 being still required, but steps are to be taken to deposit the 

 Bill with the view of its introduction next session. The 

 Drapers' Corhpany has announced that, being satisfied with 

 the conditions under which the incorporation is to be 

 effected, it is prepared to pay off the debt on the college 

 land and buildings to the extent of 30,000/., on condition 



