UBER 2 1, I918] 



NATURE 



237 



the two storage lakes, which an joined together b; 

 a tunnel a mile long, bj two ducts, t ; miles 



long, in the forebaj al thi top of die great precipitous 

 . which forms the western boundary of th 

 hi. From there the two lines ol steel pipi 

 n down the steep -.lope* and precipices to the 

 power-house, about 1750 ft. below the forebay, the 

 length of single line being about 3-33 miles. The 

 pipes .>i the top a e >-■'. in. in internal diami ter, and 

 at about two-thirds of the total height down thi 

 diameter is 72 in. Here tin \ an joined b\ a doubli 

 swan-neck pipe, from which eight small', pip, 

 led down to the power-house, their diametei being 

 3J ft. .it tin- top, and 3 ft. 1 in. at the bottom. The 

 thickness of the metal at the top of the large pip< - is 

 I in., and at the bottom of the small pipes 1 I iii. 



Each nf the lower smaller eight pipes supplies s 

 Pelton-wheel turbine, designed to give a maximum 

 nf 13,500 h.p. with automatic regulation devii 



The works described are the first to be undertaken 

 of a number of similar works proposed In the author, 

 he having shown that it is financially possible in India 

 to store water for use during eight or nine months 

 of the year, and give power at a much cheaper cost 

 than by the use of coal, oil, or spirit from vegetable 

 product-.; likewise cheaper than power from the wind, 



sun, or tides. Not only that, bur the water aftei 

 use is available for irrigation, so valuable in a countn 

 without a drop of rain for a large part of the year. 

 This would ensure the growth of the raw materials 

 required for finished products on which the country is 

 now so dependent upon other countries. It would also 

 supply the factory workers or others with food ami 

 drink, and help to prevent famines, besides doing much 

 fo regularise the rainfall. Such power will provide 

 electric traction for raw materials to, and finished 

 products from, tin is well as light for them 



and neighbouring towns, produce fertilisers, and give 

 the ■• , uired for the smelting of me-,. Mam 



indu! tuld 1 1" n bi itained, and India 



could compete with Kurope, \merica. or Japan for 

 products, and would become less dependent 

 upon it-, agriculture, which the varying seasons render 

 ii inns. 



UNIVERSITY AND EDUCATIONAL 



INTELLIGENCE. 



Edinburgh. The University, which as yel has no 



■ of geographv and only one lecturer on the 



subject, as compared with threi professors and five 



lecturers in branches of history, has rccentlv so far 



ed its growing importance as to institute a 



diploma in geographv, based on regulations involving 



a thorough and far-reaching study of certain aspects 



raphical science. Thi diploma is intended for 



graduates in arts or science prepared to devoti an 



il ciiirm\ ocademicus to the subject, ami 



capable of passim' an examination of somewhat high 

 I. The limited number of courses in pure 

 ''<■■ available in the University undei 



condition- ha- mad. it m v ssan to have recoursi 



extensively to other departments, and the aim of the 



regulations appears to be to induce students to 

 specialise either in historical and economic geo 

 or, but less markedly, in mathematical geography. A 

 special feature is the stress laid upon economii 

 ethnography, defined as the studv of tin- influence ol 

 geographical environment on the life of the most 

 important peoples. The regulations give much less 

 scope to graduates whose tastes lie in tin- direction 

 of physical geographv in the wide sense, and, in view 

 of the contributions which Scotland has made to 

 oceanography and meteorologv. it is remarkable that 



NO. 2560, VOL. 102^ 



neither of these subjects finds a place in the list. 

 Further, geology, which, especially in its physical 

 aspects, has always had so main adherents in Seot- 

 me optional course, and, 

 like general geography, does not appear among the 

 subjects of the diploma examination ; nor does any 

 branch of biology find a plan- tin re. Should it be 

 found possible later to enlarge the department by the 

 addition of new lecturers, tin present diploma might 

 fittingly become one in economic geography. 



Till' Aitchison memorial scholarship, founded in 

 memory of the late Mr. James Aitchison, and tenable 

 at the Northampton Polytechnic Institute for two 

 \eiiis, 1918-20, has been awarded to Mr. Y. C. 

 Milligen, Goodmayes, Essex. 



We learn from the Times that the council of Clifton 

 ( lollege has just received the sum of 1000/. from an 

 old Cliftonian, Mr. W. J. Leonard, for the establish- 

 ment of a leaving scholarship to Oxford and Cam- 

 bridge in chemistry, physics, or biology, in memory 

 of the mastership at Clifton of Mr. T. W. Dunn, 

 assistant master and house master at Clifton from 

 iSo.s to 1878. While tin- scholarship is to be given to 

 enable boys of good promise to pursue the study of 

 natural science at tin- old Universities, it is only to 

 be avcarded to a candidate who has been in the sixth, 

 or at least the fifth, form on the classical side. 



The Labour Party at its meeting on November 14 

 at the Roval Albert Hall to open the election cam- 

 paign of the partv adopted the programme drawn up 

 by its executive committee. Of the twenty demands 

 contained in the manifesto one deals with education, 

 and runs as follows: — "A national system of educa- 

 tion, free and effectively open to all persons, irrespec- 

 tive of their means, from the nursery school to the 

 university ; based on the principle of extending to 

 persons of all ages, without distinction of class or 

 wealth and without any taint of militarism, genuine 

 opportunities for the most effective education on 'a 

 1 and liberal basis, and the provision for teachers 

 if all kinds and grades of salaries, pensions, training, 

 I and opportunities of advancement commensurate with 

 the high social importance of their calling." No ex- 

 ception can be taken to the reasonableness of the 

 ideals inspiring this statement, but it must be borne 

 in mind frankly that not every boy and girl can 

 benefit from a course of higher education, and that 

 all that it is wise to insist upon is thai evejy child 

 shall have the opportunity of developing his intel- 

 lectual powers to their fullest extent, and that social 

 distinctions shall not be a bar to merited educational 

 advancement. 



A REPORT on I he work of the Manchester Municipal 

 College of Technology for the years [913 to iqiS has 

 just been published. The issue of annual reports was 

 interrupted in 1914. The college has made its prin- 

 cipal contribution to the task of winning the war by 

 supplying tin- Armv and Navy with men whose 

 character ami intelligence owe a great d'-al to their 

 university training. It has supplied to the Royal 

 ineers, as well as to the technical branchesof 

 tin Navy, Armv, and Air Force, men whose training 

 as engineers, chemists, or other technologists has 

 , nabled them to render effective service. Tn addition 

 to supplying men, the college has undertaken war- 

 of different kinds. So great, indeed, have these 

 ■ lew activities been that, despite the large reduction 

 in the number of students, more research work litis 

 been done in the college during the past four years 

 than in anv other equal period of its history. The 

 buildings and equipment have been improved in 

 various ways during the period under review. In the 



