COBEGOS. 309 
The tendency being for low forms to disappear when brought into competition 
with higher types of animal life, it is interesting to observe that the Insectivores 
have either survived in islands, ike Madagascar or Cuba, where the higher forms 
of Mammals are few or wanting, or, in the continental areas have acquired habits 
which serve to protect them from the attacks of foes. For instance, in addition to 
being strictly nocturnal, which is of itself a great protection, most of the Insectivores 
live in the depths of forests, or concealed among the stems and roots of coppices 
and shrubs, or in the deserted holes of other animals; while the moles have taken 
to a completely subterranean life,and the hedgehogs have acquired a special pro- 
tection in their coat of thick-set spines. Others, again, like the water-shrews 
and the desmans, have resorted to the water, and hide themselves during their 
periods of repose in holes in the banks of rivers and lakes; while the diurnal 
tree-shrews seek the protection afforded by a life among the boughs of forest 
trees, after the manner of squirrels. Finally, the flying cobegos are peculiar in 
possessing the power of taking flying leaps from tree to tree, and are thus secure 
during their hours of movement from most enemies except man. 
THE COBEGOS OR KAGUANS. 
Family GALEOPITHECIDA. 
Few Mammals have been a greater puzzle to zoologists, as regards their proper 
systematic position, than the cobegos, colugos, kubongs, or kaguans, of the 
Malayan region. These animals, of which there are two species, are known to 
the natives of the regions they inhabit by the names above mentioned, but they 
are commonly spoken of by Europeans either as flying lemurs or flying bats. 
They constitute the genus Galeopithecus of zoologists, which is the type of a 
distinct family ; and as recent researches have shown that they come nearer to the 
Insectivores than to any other group, they are now generally regarded as con- 
stituting a special division of that order. 
The most characteristic external feature of these curious animals is the para- 
chute formed by folds of skin running along the sides of the neck and body, and 
connected with the long and slender limbs, of which the fingers and toes are webbed 
as far as the roots of their strong and curved claws. This parachute-like membrane 
is continued between the hind-legs to include the whole of the long tail, in which 
respect these animals differ from the flying squirrels to be mentioned hereafter. 
One of their most peculiar features is to be found in the structure of their lower 
front, or incisor teeth, which are quite unlike those of any other Mammal, or indeed 
of any animal. In both jaws these incisor teeth are expanded laterally, and 
compressed from front to back, with a number of cusps on their summits, and those 
of the lower jaw have very wide, flattened crowns, penetrated by a number of 
parallel vertical slits, so that they resemble small combs mounted upon narrow 
stems. Then, again, the outermost of the two pairs of upper incisor teeth, as well 
as the upper tusk, or canine (which is nearly similar to the incisors), are inserted 
in the jaws by two distinct roots. Thisis a unique feature among living Mammals, 
although the moles and hedgehogs have two roots to their upper tusks. 
