360 CARNIVORES. 
Mesopotamia and South Persia to the north - western districts of India, being, 
however, now on the verge of extinction in the latter country. Formerly, even 
within historic times, the lion had a much more extensive geographical range, 
extending westwards into Syria and Arabia, and ranging over a considerable 
portion of South-Eastern Europe, such as Roumania and Greece. This, however, 
by no means limits the original extent of its range, for bones and teeth found in 
the caverns and superficial deposits of Western Europe prove that lions, which 
appear specifically undistinguishable from the existing form, once roamed over 
Germany, France, Italy, Spain, and the British Isles. The ancient prehistoric 
lions of Western Europe were in all probability exterminated by the cold of the 
glacial period; but the destruction of those infesting Eastern Europe and parts of 
Western Asia during the historic epoch was probably effected, at least to a con- 
siderable extent, by human agency. 
In South Africa lions are now scarce in the districts to the southward of the 
Orange River, but are locally abundant in the regions farther north, such as 
Mashonaland. Although it is quite probable that its range may once have 
embraced the countries of Afghanistan and Baluchistan, the lion is now quite 
unknown in Asia to the northward of India. Writing some years ago of the 
habitats of the lon in Western Asia, Canon Tristram observes that “the Arabs 
say it is found in Arabia; but of this we have at least no evidence. Occasionally 
it crosses the Euphrates, and a few years ago a lion’s carcase was brought into 
Damascus. Between the Lower Tigris and Euphrates they still abound. Mr. 
Layard saw them frequently, and during his excavations in the neighbourhood of 
Babylon, found fresh traces of their footsteps almost daily among the ruins. It 
extends also far higher up, to the jungle of the Khabour, or Chebar, on the upper 
Tigris, above Mosul and Nineveh (the ancient Chebar), where Layard mentions an 
Arab being attacked by one, and escaping with the loss of his mare.” 
The late Sir O. B. St. John, as quoted by Mx. Blanford, observes that “ lions, 
which are very numerous in the reedy swamps bordering the Tigris and Euphrates, 
are found also in the plains of Susiana, the modern Khuzistan, and extend into 
the mountain country south of Shiraz as far east as longitude 53°. I have no 
accurate information of their northern limits, but Captain Pierson, who spent many 
years in the country between Tehran and Baghdad, tells me that he never heard of 
lions in the oak forest west of Karmanshah. It is the acorns of this same oak 
forest which feed the wild pigs whose presence tempts the lion into the mountains 
of Fars... . The little Valley of Dashtiarjan, thirty-five miles west of Shiraz, is 
notorious for the number of lions found in its vicinity. Part of the valley is 
occupied by a fresh-water lake, on the edges of which are extensive beds of reeds ; 
the surrounding hills, which rise some four thousand feet above the valley, itself 
six thousand five hundred feet above the sea, are covered with oak forest, or with 
pretty thick brushwood of hawthorn, wild pear, and other bushes, and contain very 
extensive vineyards. Dashtiarjan is thus a perfect paradise for swine, and they 
increase and multiply accordingly, so that the lions have plenty to eat, varying the 
monotony of constant pork with an occasional ibex, or with a calf from the herds 
which graze in the valley. Every year some four or five lions are killed in 
Dashtiarjan or the neighbourhood, and a few cubs brought into Shiraz for sale.” 
