400 CARNIVORES. 
sea-level, and in the Chilian Cordillera at an elevation of not less than ten thousand 
feet. In the Peruvian highlands the puma is also found in the highest forests, and 
even occasionally ascends to the limits of perpetual snow, while in the dense 
mountain-forests of Central America it 1s commonly found as high up as eight 
or nine thousand feet. 
As a rule, throughout the widely different regions included in its range, the 
puma selects for its lair localities affording a certain amount of concealment and 
protection, usually preferring thickets and copses to dense forests. In Mexico it 
has been observed that these animals are always met with in the most solitary 
spots, especially such as have a cover of thick bushes, or where there are rocks with 
caves. In the pampas of Argentina the puma probably has to make the best of 
the cover afforded by the tussocks of tall grass, or by the banks of the river-courses. 
In respect of the daring, or otherwise, of the puma, there is a considerable 
amount of discrepancy in the accounts of different writers. It is, however, probable 
that this diversity of view is mainly owing to the general refusal of the creature to 
attack human beings having been regarded as indicative of its general character, 
although diversity of habit in the southern and northern portion of its range is 
probably also in some degree a factor in the case. Writing of the animal’s habits 
in South America, Mr. Hudson observes that, although the puma is undoubtedly 
possessed of marvellous courage and daring, yet the account given long ago by the 
naturalist Azara, that it will never attack or threaten to hurt either man or 
child, even when found asleep, is not only true, but actually understated. As 
a matter of fact, not only will the puma refrain from attacking man, but 
it will not even defend itself against him. It is from this circumstance that, in 
South America at any rate, the puma has earned its reputation for arrant cowardice. 
That it is in other respects a bold animal in South America My. Hudson unhesitat- 
ingly asserts, and he backs this opinion by stating that the puma invariably prefers 
large to small game, in desert regions killing peccaries, tapirs, deer, huanacos, rheas, 
etc. The number of huanacos killed by pumas in Argentina is attested by the 
number of their skeletons found on the pampas with dislocated necks, while, except 
in regions where prey is scarce, the number of slaughtered deer, with only the 
flesh of the breast eaten, shows the puma’s fastidious habits. Those, observes 
Mr. Hudson, who have ever hunted the huanaco on the sterile plains and 
mountains know how wary and keen-scented it is, and consequently what powers 
of endurance and skill its pursuit must entail on the part of the pursuer. 
In the parts of South America where cattle and horses are largely bred the 
puma is a terrible scourge. Indeed, so partial is it to horse-flesh, that in some parts 
of Patagonia it is almost impossible to breed horses owing to the destruction 
of their colts. An instance is related of a puma springing on a colt among a drove 
in charge of a driver, and killing it so suddenly by dislocation of the neck that 
the unfortunate animal was actually dead before it fell to the ground. It further 
appears that in districts where pumas abound the semi-wild horses of South 
America can scarcely maintain their existence, owing to the slaughter of their colts; 
and this leads Mr. Hudson to suggest that the indigenous horses, which inhabited 
South America during the Pleistocene epoch, may have been totally exterminated — 
by pumas. The puma does not, however, confine its ravages on horses to the 
