BEARS. 3 
completely devoid of hair; and the ordinary gait is peculiarly slow and measured. 
All the bears are of considerable bodily size, while some of them are among the 
largest of the Carnivores. 
The living species of bears, with which alone we are at present dealing, are 
likewise readily distinguished from other Carnivores by the characters of their 
teeth. They agree with the true dogs in having two pairs of molars in the upper 
jaw, and three pairs in the lower jaw, but the shape of these teeth is different; the 
crowns being nearly flat, very broad, and mainly adapted for grinding, while those of 
the upper jaw are either oblong or square, and, therefore, quite unlike the triangular 
upper molars of the dogs. Then, again, the flesh-tooth in both jaws is very unlike 
that of ordinary Carnivores; the upper one being small, and having no inner root, 
and its crown looking much like that of a molar. Similarly, the lower flesh-tooth 
(which we may once more remind our readers is the first of the molar series, while 
the upper one is a premolar) is very like the two molars by which it is followed. 
A third distinctive feature is that the first three premolar teeth in both jaws are 
exceedingly minute, and are very generally shed when their owner attains maturity. 
The peculiar characteristics of the cheek-teeth clearly indicate that the food 
of the bears is very different from that of other Carnivores; and, as a matter of 
fact, the majority of these animals subsist on a vegetable diet, or on insects, to a 
much greater extent than on flesh. From their evident descent (as we shall fully 
indicate later on) from dog-like animals, it is clear that the peculiar features of the 
dentition of the bears have been acquired; and we may hence regard these animals, 
so far as their teeth are concerned, as highly specialised. The loss of the tail is 
likewise a specialised feature. On the other hand, in their retention of the old- 
fashioned plantigrade mode of walking, bears are much more generalised animals 
than dogs, and in this respect retain a feature which was present in the ancestral 
types from which the two groups have sprung. 
The whole of the members of the family have a marked resemblance to one 
another, so that the characters by which the different species are distinguished are 
apparently somewhat trivial. Their fur is coarse, and generally long, thick, and 
shaggy, although it may be short and thinner in some of the tropical species. Except 
for the not unfrequent presence of a white collar round the throat, the fur is 
nearly always of one colour, and generally some shade of either brown or black. It 
is true, indeed, that the Polar bear is a marked exception to this rule, but in this 
ease the colour of the fur has evidently been specially modified to suit the natural 
surroundings. The great prevalence of black among the bears is a feature unknown 
in any other group of Carnivores, and is, indeed, rare among Mammals in general. 
Bears have a wide geographical distribution, occurring throughout Europe, 
Asia, and North America, while one species inhabits the South American Andes, 
and another the African Atlas. South, however, of the Atlas not a single member 
of the family is to be found throughout the length and breadth of Africa. Geologi- 
eally speaking, true bears, that is to say those which can be referred to the 
genera now living, are of comparatively recent origin, none being yet known 
before the Pliocene, while it is not till the sueceeding period that they became 
abundant. This late appearance of the bears is in harmony with what we have 
already stated as to their specialisation. 
