38 CARNIVORES. 
sleep much during the day, although they are by no means exclusively nocturnal 
in their habits. On the ground, their movements are somewhat awkward and 
ungainly ; and they are generally sluggish and stupid in disposition, and allow 
themselves to be captured without much difficulty. They hiss and spit like cats 
when angered, and occasionally utter a low deep growl, somewhat like that of a 
young bear. According to Mr. Hodgson they drink by lapping with the tongue, 
but, from observations made on specimens in the Zoological Society’s Gardens, this 
is denied by Mr. A. D. Bartlett, who states that they drink by putting their noses 
to the ground, after the fashion of a bear. They generally sleep curled up side- 
ways, with the head concealed by the thick tail, but will also frequently repose 
by sitting down on their haunches with the head tucked in between the fore-paws, 
their habits being very similar to those of some of the raccoons. 
In addition to the cries already mentioned, it appears from the account of an 
observer who watched a pair of these animals high up in the trees near Darjiling, 
that the panda will at certain times—probably the breeding-season—utter loud and 
somewhat unearthly cries, which may be heard at a considerable distance. They 
call one another by a kind of chirping cry. The panda is a quite harmless, and 
apparently an almost defenceless animal, its sharp and partially retractile claws 
being evidently adapted for the purpose of climbing, rather than as weapons of 
offence or defence. 
The young, generally two in number, are born in a nest formed in some hollow 
tree or cavity among rocks. They are produced in the spring, and are helpless for 
along period. It is stated that the cubs of one litter remain with the parent, till 
shortly before the birth of a second brood. 
In captivity these animals are gentle and easily tamed, even when not 
@ptured until they have attained maturity. In this country they require 
great care and attention, from their extreme susceptibility to cold; but in 
the more congenial climate of Calcutta they thrive well in cages placed in the 
open air. 
It is a remarkable circumstance that an extinct species of panda, about half as 
large again as the living form, once flourished in England. This is proved by the 
occurrence of teeth and fragments of jaws in the so-called Red Crag of the Suffolk 
coast, which belongs to the Pliocene period. It is, therefore, probable that the 
genus was once widely spread over the Old World; while its cecurrence in England 
proves that the country must have been formerly thickly covered with forest, and 
have enjoyed a climate of a subtropical nature. 
THE RAccooNs. 
Genus Procyon. 
The widely - known raccoons, of which there are two or three species, are 
the typical representatives of the family, and, like all the remaining forms, they 
are exclusively American. These animals have a total of forty teeth, or two more 
than in the panda, owing to the presence of the whole of the four typical pairs of 
premolars in the lower jaw. The cheek-teeth differ from those of the latter in 
