BADGERS. 83 
From the rocks of the Siwalik Hills of North-Eastern India, 
belonging to the Pliocene period, and likewise from formations of 
corresponding age in the Punjab, there have been obtained the remains of ratels 
closely allied to the living species; so that it may be concluded that India was the 
original home of these animals, and that thence they migrated into Africa. 
Fossil Ratels. 
THE AMERICAN BADGER. 
Genus Taxidea. 
The American badger (Tuxidea americana) brings us to the first of four 
genera which may be collectively called badgers, and the whole of which are 
confined to the Northern Hemisphere. They all have the same number of teeth as 
in the martens, that is to say, 38, of which % are incisors, } canines, + premolars, 
and $ molars on each side of the jaws. All of them have stoutly built bodies, and 
short limbs adapted for digging; while, with one exception, the tail is very short. 
They are further characterised by the unusually large size of the molar tooth of 
the upper jaw, and likewise by the elongation of the posterior heel of the flesh- 
tooth of the lower jaw. 
In the American badger the skull is very wide posteriorly, the body depressed, 
and the tail very short. The skull may be at once distinguished from that of the 
true badgers by the proportionately larger size of the upper flesh-tooth, and the 
smaller upper molar, which is triangular in form, with the apex directed outwards. 
The fore-claws are enormous, the eyes are very small, and the muzzle is hairy right 
up to the obliquely truncated nostrils. The low, rounded, and broad ears are 
remarkable for the large size of their apertures. In length the animal, from 
the snout to the root of the tail, measures about 24 inches, and the tail 6 inches. 
The general colour of the coarse fur of the body is a blackish grizzle, mingled with 
either white, grey, or tawny, or the whole of these together, on the upper-parts, 
while below it is uniformly whitish, sometimes shaded with grey or tawny. The 
head is darker than the body, with a white stripe down the middle, and the limbs 
are blackish brown. 
The ordinary form of the American badger extends from British 
North America, from at least latitude 58°, over the greater portion of 
the United States. Near the Mexican border of the States, as in Eastern and 
Central Mexico itself, it is, however, replaced by a variety distinguished by a white 
stripe, sometimes interrupted, running down the back from the nose to the tail. 
In habits the American badger appears to closely resemble the 
Distribution. 
Habits, 2 ae 
common European species, being strictly nocturnal, and lving in 
burrows constructed by itself. In the colder portion of its habitat it hibernates. 
Although but very seldom seen, Dr. Coues states that these animals live in count- 
less numbers in the region of the upper Missouri River and its tributaries; tracts 
of sandy soil being so full of their burrows as to render travelling on horseback 
dangerous. These badger-holes can be distinguished from those of the prairie- 
marmot by their larger size and the absence of a circular mound of earth at their 
entrance; though many such holes are merely burrows of the prairie-marmot, 
