ELARLESS SEALS. 147 
indeed; and it appears that the chief reason that the American naturalists have 
for regarding them as distinct species is their isolated habitats. It may be that 
the area between these two habitats was once occupied by these seals, but the 
suggestion that the Californian race took origin from a few individuals that 
succeeded in crossing the tropical zone appears the more probable view, as it 
seems difficult to believe that the same species should inhabit both the Antarctic 
Ocean and the Equatorial seas. In any case, the Californian elephant-seal, whatever 
its origin, and whether it be a distinct species or only a local race of its Antarctic 
cousin, is, from a distributional point of view, of considerable interest, and its 
extermination, which, if not actually accomplished, must be imminent, cannot fail 
to be a source of regret. 
In the southern seas the elephant-seals have long since been 
practically exterminated from the Falkland Islands; and at the 
time of the visit of the Challenger Moseley states that, while elephant-seals had 
completely disappeared from Tristan da Cunha, they were still to be met with 
in Marian Island, were comparatively numerous in Kerguelen Land, and on 
Habits. 
the neighbouring Heard Island occurred in thousands. After mentioning an 
encounter with a male on Kerguelen Island, when the animal assumed a 
threatening attitude, and raised its tail nearly to the level of its head, as 
depicted in Anson’s voyage, Professor Moseley goes on to state that, on the more 
exposed side of Heard Island, “there is an extensive beach, called Long Beach. 
This is covered over with thousands of sea-elephants in the breeding-season, but it 
is only accessible by land, and then only by crossing two glaciers. No boat can 
live to land on this shore, consequently men are stationed on the beach, and live 
there in huts; and their duty is constantly to drive the sea-elephants from this 
beach into the sea, which they do with whips made of the hide of the seals 
themselves. The beasts thus ousted swim off, and often ‘haul up, as the term 
is, upon the accessible beaches elsewhere. In very stormy weather, when they are 
driven into the sea, they are forced to betake themselves to the sheltered side of 
the island. Two or three old males, termed ‘beach-masters, hold a beach to 
themselves and cover it with cows, but allow no other males to haul up. The 
males fight furiously, and one man told me that he had seen an old male take up 
a younger one in his teeth and throw him over, lifting him in the air. The males 
show fight when whipped, and are with great difficulty driven into the sea. They 
are sometimes treated with horrible barbarity. The females give birth to their 
young soon after their arrival. The new-born young are almost black, unlike the 
adults, which are of a light slate-brown. They are suckled by the female for some 
time, and then left to themselves lying on the beach, where they seem to grow fat 
without further feeding. They are always allowed by the sealers thus to he, in 
order to make more oil. This account was corroborated by all the sealers I met 
with. I do not understand it. Probably the cows visit their offspring unobserved 
from time to time. Péron says that both parent elephant-seals stay with the 
young without feeding at all, until the young are six or seven weeks old, and that 
then the old ones conduct the young to the water and keep them carefully in their 
company. The rapid increase in weight is in accordance with Péron’s account. 
Goodridge gives a somewhat different account, namely, that after the females 
