164 ONGULATES. 
hundred years ago. The Chillingham cattle are small, with moderately rough and 
curly hair, and short upwardly-directed horns. At the present day the insides of 
the ears and the muzzles are red; but it appears that in 1692 black ears were 
more numerous than red, and that the present coloration has been produced by 
selection. Mr. J. Hindmarsh, writing in the year 1838, states that the Chillingham 
cattle “have pre-eminently all the characteristics of wild animals, with some 
peculiarities which are very curious and amusing. They hide their young, feed in 
the night, basking or sleeping during the day; they are fierce when pressed, but 
generally speaking very timorous, moving off on the appearance of anyone, even 
at a great distance.” The following statement of the numbers of the Chillingham 
herd at different periods is compiled by Mr. Harting from numerous accounts which 
have from time to time appeared. “In 1869, according to the steward’s account, 
the herd consisted of only 14 breeding animals, bulls, and cows, and calves of both 
sexes, and 12 steers; in all 28. In 1838, according to Mr. Hindmarsh, there were 
about 80, comprising 25 bulls, 40 cows, and 15 steers of various ages. In May 
1861, Mr. Darwin was informed by the agent that they numbered abcut 50. This 
was about the number we saw when visiting the park in May 1863. In August 
1873 the herd consisted of 64 head, 17 bulls of all ages from calves upwards, 19 
steers, and 28 cows, heifers, and female calves. In October 1874, according to Lord 
Tankerville (the owner), the herd numbered 71. In March 1875 the number had 
again decreased, amounting to 62 only, viz., 14 bulls and bull calves, 31 cows, and 
cow-calves, and 17 steers. In July 1877 there were still fewer—51 only—consist- 
ing of 8 bulls, 27 cows and heifers, and 16 steers. Lord Tankerville says they 
increase slowly, several dying each year by accidents or by overrunning their 
calves when disturbed; and the cows breed slowly, owing to having frequently the 
calves still sucking in the second year.” 
The Cadzow cattle, belonging to the Duke of Hamilton, of which 
a group is represented in our illustration, differ from the Chilingham 
breed in having the ears and muzzles black, while there is also a greater or smaller 
amount of black on the front of the fore-legs. Their heads are also more rounded, 
and their limbs stouter; and very generally the cows are devoid of horns. This 
herd is a very ancient one, and in 1874 numbered forty-five head, which in 1877 
had increased to fifty-six. 
Very different in appearance to either of the above are the 
Chartley cattle, the property of Earl Ferrers. It is known that these 
cattle are the direct descendants of the wild cattle which roamed at large in the 
forest of Needwood at the date of the enclosure of Chartley Park in 1248. In this 
breed the ears are black, and the horns are longer and directed much more out- 
wardly than in the Chillimgham breed, resembling in these respects much more 
closely those of our domestic “long horns.” In 1877 this herd comprised only 
twenty individuals. 
The Kilmory breed is derived from the one which formerly existed 
at Blair Athol. The Lyme Park breed is interesting as being of 
larger size than any of the others. The hair is remarkable for its length and 
curliness, more especially on the shoulders; the ears are generally red, although 
oceasionally black or bluish black; and Mr. Harting describes the horns as inter- 

Cadzow Cattle. 
Chartley Cattle. 
Other Herds. 
