172 UNGULATES. 
In Northern India many of the breeds of domestic cattle appear 
to be a cross between the ordinary European cattle and the humped 
Indian cattle, showing the general shape of the former but the white rings on the 
fetlocks characteristic of the latter. In Africa there are several kinds of humpless 
cattle, among which the Namaqualand breed most nearly resembles ordinary 
European cattle. On the other hand, the Damara breed is distinguished by the 
large size of the bones, the small feet, slender legs, the long tuft of bushy hair at 
the end of the tail, and the extraordinary length of the horns. The horns are, 
however, even still larger in the cattle of Bechuanaland, Mr. Darwin mentioning 
a skull in which the span of the horns is 8 feet 8 inches in a straight line, 
while the measurement from tip to tip along the curve is upwards of 13 feet 
5 inches. 
America and In certain parts of America, the Falkland Islands, Australia, New 
Australia, Zealand, and other countries, the cattle introduced from Europe have 
run wild, and form vast herds. Those found in Texas and on the Argentine 
pampas have become of a nearly uniform dark brownish red colour; while in the 
Ladrone or Mariana Islands, in the Pacific Ocean, all the wild cattle are white 
with black ears. When Lord Anson visited the Ladrones in the year 1742, the 
number of these cattle was estimated at upwards of ten thousand. In the Falkland 
Islands it is stated by Admiral Sullivan that those in the southern districts are 
white, with the feet, ears, or the entire head black; but in other parts they were 
either brown or mouse-coloured. The wild cattle of New Zealand, according to 
Herr von Lendenfeld, are white spotted with brown. In Australia the herds are of 
great extent, and are difficult to approach within shooting distance, on account of 
the wariness of the animals. In Argentina the cattle are very wild, but take little 
notice of a mounted man. If, however, as is seldom the case in a country where 
everybody rides, they are approached by a person on foot, they gallop around him 
in circles, with threatening gestures, looking every moment as if about to make 
a charge, although it does not appear that they ever do so. In company with 
two ladies, the writer has often wandered among such herds, without any harm, 
except some alarm on the part of one of his companions. In Colombia wild 
cattle are found not only on the plains, but likewise high up in the Cordilleras, 
and herds of considerable size have been met with in the highlands of Central 
Asia. Here may be mentioned the curious monstrous cattle found in Argentina 
and known as niatas or natas. This breed, which has existed for more than a 
century, bears the same relation to other races as is presented by pug-dogs to 
ordinary dogs. According to Mr. Darwin, “the forehead is very short and broad, 
with the nasal end of the skull, together with the whole plane of the upper molar 
teeth, curved upwards. The lower jaw projects beyond the upper, and has a cor- 
responding upward curvature. The upper lip is much drawn back, the nostrils are 
seated high up and are widely open, the eyes project outwards, and the horns are 
large. The neck is short, and in walking the head is carried low. The hind-legs 
appear to be longer, compared with the front-legs, than is usual. The exposed 
incisor teeth, the short head and upturned nostrils, give these cattle the most 
ludicrous, self-confident air of defiance.” Niatas appear to be very rare; but the 
writer had the good fortune to see a pair of them kept in the grounds of the 
Indian Cattle. 
