206 UNGULATES. 
might be caused by other animals ; and where the horns have not been seen it is 
only by the strong, sweet bovine scent—similar to, but much more powerful than, 
that of cows—that one can be absolutely certain of what is in front of one.” In 
such jungles, needless to say, shooting (or indeed advancing at all) on foot is out 
of the question, and the only method of procedure is by beating with a line of 
elephants. 
In their wild state these buffaloes are always found in herds, which may 
comprise fifty or more individuals. Mr. Blanford states that “they feed chiefly on 
grass, in the evening, at night, and in the morning; and le down, generally in 
high grass, not unfrequently in a marsh, during the day; they are by no means 
shy, nor do they appear to shun the neighbourhood of man, and they commit great 
havoc amongst growing crops. Sometimes a herd or a solitary bull will take 
possession of a field and keep off the men who own it. In fact buffaloes are by 
far the boldest and most savage of the Indian Bovide, and a bull not unfrequently 
attacks without provocation, though (probably on the principle that a council of 
war never fights) a herd, although all will gallop to within a short distance of an 
intruder and make most formidable demonstrations, never, I believe, attacks any- 
one who does not run away from them. A wounded animal of either sex often 
charges, and has occasionally been Known to knock an elephant down. Buffaloes 
retain their courage in captivity, and a herd will attack a tiger or other dangerous 
animal without hesitation, and, although gentle with those they know and greatly 
attached to them, they are inclined to be hostile to strange men and strange 
animals. Whether wild or tame they delight in water, and often during the heat 
of the day lie down in shallow places with only parts of their heads above the 
surface.” The same author remarks that few animals have changed less in 
captivity than tame buffaloes, which never interbreed with the humped Indian 
cattle. The calves are born in summer, and there are not unfrequently two at 
a birth. In walking, the Indian buffalo always carries its head low down. 
Fossil Indian Remains of the Indian buffalo occur fossil in the gravels of the 
Buffaloes. Narbada valley, and likewise in parts of the Punjab. The broad- 
horned buftalo (B. platyceros) of the Siwalik Hills of Northern India, was, how- 
ever, a perfectly distinct extinct species, characterised by the broad triangular horns 
being placed closer together on the forehead, and directed rather forwards than 
backwards, so that the forehead is nearly flat; they are also placed more below 
the plane of the occiput. Other extinct Siwalik buffaloes (B. occipitalis and 
B. acuticornis) were of smaller size, and their skulls like those of the tamarao 
and anoa; the horns rising upwards in the plane of the face, with but slight 
divergence or curvature, and their cross-section either triangular or pear-shaped. 
The tamarao of the Philippines (B. mindorensis) is a sturdily- 
built dwarf buffalo, connecting the preceding with the following 
species. It stands about 34 feet in height, and has coarse thick blackish brown hair. 
The horns, although massive, are comparatively short, and rise upwards in the plane 
of the face with a lyrate curvature; they are distinctly triangular, with the largest 
face in front, and are somewhat roughened. In its massive horns, thick legs, and 
uniform coloration, this species comes nearer to the Indian buffalo than to the 
anoa. 
The Tamarao. 
