234 UNGULATES. 
from these bushes. They had been lying within sixty yards of me, and must have 
been fully conscious of my presence all the time. The arui, in this habit of hiding, 
is very like the Pyrenean ibex, which lives in rather similar ground, and also 
trusts to concealment in preference to flight.” 
In Algeria the rams of this species are distinguished as fechtal, the ewes as 
massa, and the lambs as charuf. 
THE GOATS. 
Genus Capra. 
The two preceding species of sheep connect the more typical representatives 
of that group so intimately with the goats that there is some difficulty in drawing 
up a list of characters which will satisfactorily distinguish between the two. The 
males of all the goats are, however, characterised by the possession of a peculiar 
strong odour, while they very generally have a beard on the chin. None of them 
have any gland on the face below the eye Gn which respect they resemble the 
bharal and Barbary sheep); and they differ from all the sheep in the absence of 
any glands between the hoofs of the hind-feet, while in some cases these glands 
are likewise wanting in the fore-feet. In all cases the tail is short, and there are 
peculiar hard patches, or callosities, on the knees, and in some instances also on 
the chest. The skull of a goat differs from that of a sheep in that the plane of the 
portion behind the horns meets that of the part in front of the same in an obtuse 
instead of a right angle, while the profile of the face is very concave, and the 
occipital region rounded instead of nearly flat. The true goats, or those constitut- 
ing the genus Cupra, are further distinguished by the great length of the horns 
of the males. These are situated close together immediately above the eyes, and 
are continued upwards at first in the plane of the forehead; they may be either 
scimitar-shaped, with a backward sweep, or spiral, and are generally more or less 
compressed and angulated, while they are frequently ornamented with knobs or 
knots in front. In the females the horns are much smaller, and set farther apart 
at their bases. 
Although the term goat is applied to one American ruminant, yet goats in the 
proper sense of the word are exclusively restricted to the Old World. Moreover, 
these animals are mainly confined to Europe and Asia north of the southern flanks 
of the Himalaya. It is true, indeed, that one species occurs in Egypt and another 
in Abyssinia, but the group is quite unknown in the whole of the remainder of 
Africa, while the species inhabiting the mountains of Southern India is classed 
in a genus apart from that containing the true goats. There are about ten species 
of true wild goats, all of which live in herds, although the males sometimes keep 
apart from the females, and are occasionally solitary. Like the sheep, the goats 
are essentially mountain animals, but they generally inhabit more rugged and 
precipitous ground than do the majority of the former; this is, however, not 
invariably the case, as the Himalayan ibex ranges on to the open country of the 
Pamirs. All the members of the group are very active and wary animals, and 
they are characterised by their tendency to browse on the young shoots and leaves 
