G OA WES: 2 35 
of such trees and shrubs as they can reach, whereas sheep mainly confine them- 
selves to grazing. On account of these browsing habits goats are extremely 
destructive to forests, eating off the tops of the young trees and thus preventing 
all new growth. 
Geologically, goats appear to be somewhat older than the sheep, remains of 
certain species having been obtained from the Pliocene rocks of the Siwalik Hills 
in Northern India, while those of others occur in the superficial deposits of the 
plains of Central Europe. The latter belong to a species of ibex, which is a matter 
of some interest as showing that during a colder epoch these animals could exist 

SKELETON OF THE IBEX. 
in the lowlands, from whence, with an increase of the temperature, they migrated 
to the various mountain-chains, where they have differentiated into distinct species 
from isolation. This explains the occurrence of allied species of wild goats in the 
Caucasus and the Pyrenees, and in the Alps and the Sinaitic Peninsula. 
THE CAUCASIAN WILD Goats, or TuR (Capra cylindricornis, ete.). 
There occur in the Caucasus range three different kinds of wild goats, locally 
known as tur, which, as being those approaching most nearly to the sheep, 
naturally come first. These three kinds are commonly ranked as distinct species, 
but it may be a question whether they are not really only races of one species 
