236 (NG ULATES. 
<= 
exhibiting variations in the structure of its horns analogous to those existing in 
the Himalayan markhor noticed subsequently. 
The goat inhabiting the Eastern Caucasus is known as Pallas’s 
tur (C. cylindricornis), and is found to the westward of Kasbeg 
and throughout Daghestan. It may be described as a goat with horns like those 
of the bharal. The 
horns are black, smooth, 
and nearly cylindrical, 
directed outwards and 
backwards in a some- 
what spiral manner, 
with their tips directed 
inwards, and sometimes 
not separated from one 
another by an interval 
of more than a_ foot. 
The general colour of 
the animal is_ light 
HORNS OF PALLAS'S TUR. brown, and the height 
at the shoulder about 
3 feet. The reddish brown beard is short and stiff, and curved inwards towards 
the middle of the chin. Another distinctive feature is to be found in the lower 
incisor teeth, which have very narrow crowns. Good specimens of the horns may 
measure some 31 inches along the curve, and occasionally reach 343 and 36 
inches. 
Pallas’s Tur. 

In the Central Caucasus, between Elburz and Daghestan, the 
preceding form is replaced by the true Caucasian tur (C. caucasica), 
which is intermediate between it and Severtzow’s. This tur is very similar 
in appearance to Pallas’s, having horns with a spiral curvature, and approach- 
ing each other at the tips, but with a nearly square cross-section at the base, 
and with knobs on the front surface. The colour is very like that of Sever- 
tzow’s tur, but the head is more reddish, the beard like that of Pallas’s, and 
the under-part of the body darker, while the tail has longer hairs. The incisors 
are like those of C. cylindricornis and the horns vary from 30 to 40 inches in 
length. 
Caucasian Tur. 
Severtzow’s tur (C. severtzowi), inhabits the whole of the 
Western Caucasus, and presents considerable local variation in 
colour. It is a very strongly-built animal, standing about 3 feet at the 
withers. Its general colour is brownish grey with a yellowish tinge, the head 
and spine being darker, the under-parts a lighter shade of brown, and the limbs 
dark with a pale stripe on their hinder surface. The brown beard is long and 
narrow, and the tail very short. The most distinctive feature of this goat is, 
however, found in its horns. These are very large, black in colour, and directed 
upwards and backwards in a scimitar-like form, curving almost entirely in a single 
plane, with their tips widely separated, and generally directed downwards, although 
occasionally outwards. The section of these horns at the base is triangular, and 
Severtzow’s Tur. 
