a UNGULATES. 
convexity of the profile. The horns are frequently absent in both sexes, and when 
present are short, thick, and crumpled; while there is generally no beard. The 
pendent ears are about as long as the head, and are rounded at the tips, and flat. 
The hair is short, and generally of a reddish brown colour, but inclining to yellow 
on the legs. Sometimes, however, the colour is slaty grey, or spotted. These 
goats extend from the countries along the Lower Nile to Central Nubia. The 
Theban race of this breed has the most marked convexity of profile. 
Perhaps, however, the most remarkable of all the breeds is the 
Sudan goat, characterised by the short horns of 3 or 4 inches in 
length, curving at first backwards and outwards, and then bending forwards at 
their tips. The legs are short and strong; and the short but thick hair is generally 
dark coloured, frequently showing a mixture of black and reddish. Sometimes the 
general dark colour is relieved by white spots; but red, yellowish brown, and 
perfectly black specimens are not uncommon. From the chin depends a black 
beard reaching to the chest, where it divides to spread over the shoulders and 
upper-parts of the fore-limbs. These goats are found over all the country lying 
between the White Nile and the Niger, and doubtless extend over the greater 
part of Central Africa to the West Coast. They are kept by the natives in 
enormous flocks. 
Sudan Goat. 
Mention has already been made of the wild goats of the Isle of 
Giura, which are probably derived from a domestic race perhaps 
erossed with the pasang. Goats have also run wild in many other places, more 
especially mountainous islands like St. Helena, Tavolara near Sardinia, and Juan 
Fernandez. In St. Helena these wild goats have completely destroyed a large 
portion of the native flora, and this has resulted in the disappearance of much 
of the fauna. Goats were introduced by the Spaniards into Juan Fernandez 
inthe year 1563. These soon increased enormously, and in order to diminish their 
numbers dogs were subsequently let loose, and likewise ran wild. At the time of 
Lord Anson’s visit, in the summer of 1741, the goats had been greatly reduced in 
numbers by the dogs, and they were further so much thinned by his party that 
it was estimated only about two hundred remained. About thirty years ago 
Pechuel-Loesche visited the island, and found that while the dogs had disappeared, 
the goats had once more become exceedingly numerous. In 1885 the goats were 
being vigorously hunted by the settlers with guns and dogs. The general colour of 
these goats is reddish brown, in some districts spotted with dirty white. 
Feral Goats. 
IBEx (Capra cbex, etc.). 
Although the Spanish and Persian wild goats are frequently spoken of as 
ibex, it seems preferable to restrict this term to four nearly-allied species, namely, 
the true or Alpine ibex, the Himalayan ibex, the Arabian ibex, and the Abyssinian 
ibex. All these species are characterised by their nearly uniform coloration, and 
by the front surface of their long scimitar-shaped horns being flattened and 
ornamented by a number of bold transverse knots or ridges. These horns curve 
backwards, and diverge regularly, although in some cases their tips have an 
inward inclination; they are nearly triangular in cross-section, the base of the 
