258 UNGULATES. 
from 6 to 8 inches in length, but a pair has been recorded of upwards of 9 inches. 
The horns of the does are only shghtly smaller than those of the bucks. 
The goral is found throughout the outer ridges of the Himalaya, 
from Kashmir to Bhutan, at elevations of from three thousand to 
eight thousand feet. In Eastern Tibet its place is taken by the ashy goral (C. 
cinerea) and the grey goral (C. grisea); while in Northern China and Amurland it 
is represented by the long-tailed goral, distinguished by its longer tail. 
The Himalayan goral is generally found in small parties 
of from four to eight individuals; but sometimes these animals 
associate only in pairs, and old bucks appear to be generally solitary. They 
frequent rugged grassy hills or rocky forest-clad ground; and during cloudy 
weather feed throughout the day, but when fine, only in the morning and 
evening. Where one goral is seen, there others will almost certainly be found 
in the neighbourhood ; and these animals but rarely forsake their feeding-grounds. 
When alarmed, they utter a kind of hissing snort. General Macintyre writes 
that “ goral-stalking in the precipitous and broken ground on the middle ranges 
[of the Himalaya], is perhaps the pleasantest though not the grandest kind of 
mountain sport. The amount of stiff climbing it entails is quite enough to give 
it zest, without making it excessively laborious. The sportsman can generally 
return to his tent to rest during the heat of the day, whilst the goral are doing 
likewise, hidden away among the shady recesses of the rocks, and he can always 
get back at night to a comfortable bed.” 
Distribution. 
Habits. 
THE SEROWS. 
Genus Nemorhedus. 
Nearly allied to the gorals are the more shaggy animals known as serows, or 
goat-antelopes, which are likewise peculiar to South-Eastern and Eastern Asia. 
Although resembling the gorals in their general build, their naked muzzles, short 
tails, and the presence of four teats in the females, the serows are distinguished by 
having a gland beneath the eye, and a corresponding shallow depression in the 
skull for its reception. Moreover, the plane of the forehead passes imperceptibly 
into that of the region behind the horns, whereas in the gorals the two are 
separated by a distinct angle. 
The common serow (Nemorhedus bubalinus) is a Himalayan species extending 
from Kashmir to the Mishmi Hills, where it is found at elevations of from six 
to twelve thousand feet. It is much larger than the goral, standing about 37 
inches at the shoulders, and the horns of bucks generally measuring from 9 
to 10 inches in length, although they may reach as much as 13} inches. The 
serow is rather an ugly-looking animal, with large ears, and coarse and some- 
what thin hair of moderate length, which forms a kind of crest along the neck. 
The head and neck are black, and the rest of the hair of the upper-parts black or 
dark grey, with a more or less distinct grizzle; the muzzle, chin, and inside of the 
ears are white, and the under-parts are also whitish, while the flanks, chest, ete., 
are rusty red. The black horns curve regularly backwards, and, in addition to 
