ARMATURE IN THE EUROPEAN RHOPALOCERA. 363 



6. Modifications of the Harpagones in the various Families. 



Papilionid^;. Usually well extruded, large aud broad, without many or large pro- 

 cesses (PI. LVI. figs. 39 A, 40 a; PL LVII. figs. Iab, 2ab). Pamassius forms an 

 exception, the harpagones not being visible without dissection (PI. LVII. figs. 3 A, d) in 

 Apollo and Belius, and only partly visible in Mnemosyne. 



Hiertdm. Usually well extruded, large and broad, and without conspicuous processes 

 or spines (PI. LVI. figs. 27-33, and 36-38). Lencophasia is (as in other respects) very 

 exceptional. The harpagones require dissection to render them visible to any extent, 

 are very small, and situated rather inferiorly than laterally. In L. sinapis (PI. LVI. figs. 

 34 d, f) they seem to be coalesced ; in L. lathyri (PI. LVI. fig. 35) they appear to be less 

 closely united. 



Lyc^eniDjE. Usually requiring more or less dissection before a good view can be 

 obtained ; often not larger than the tegumen, and frequently much smaller ; shape 

 various ; with or without processes or lobes. In Thecla (PL LVII. figs. 4-8), Aurotis 

 (PL LVII. fig.' 9), and Thestor (PL LVII. fig. 10) usually small, not very conspicuous, 

 and without processes. In Lyccena (PL LVII. figs. 11-13) rather larger, and sometimes 

 furnished with a spine. In Polyommatus (PL LVI. figs. 14-24) as large or larger than 

 the tegumen, and frequently with the apical half bilobed or subbilobed. P. Alsus (PI. 

 LVII. fig. 24 a) has a long narrow curved process arising from near the base of the 

 upper margin. 



Ebyciniele. Requiring dissection ; short and broad, and without processes (PL LVI. 

 fig. 26 b). 



Libttheid^;. "Well extruded; large and somewhat typical in form; without pro- 

 cesses (PL LVI. fig. 25). 



ApATTTRiDiE. "Well extruded ; large and broad, without processes (PL LVI. figs. 2-4). 



NymphaliDtE. Variously extruded ; large, and often furnished with large processes. 

 In some genera there is an approach to the typical form, and no processes (PL LV. figs. 

 36-38) ; in others the harpago is broader, and also without processes (PL LV. figs. 32 

 & 33 ) ; in others there is a large process arising from the upper margin at the apex, 

 near the middle, or near or at the base (PL LV. figs. 14-31 & 35, 36). In many dissec- 

 tion is necessary for a proper view of the parts. 



SATYBiBiE. Usually well extruded ; large but not broad, and often with prolonged 

 apex ; without • processes like those so frequent in the preceding family, but often with 

 a large tooth or tooth-like lobe about the middle of the upper margin (PL LVI. figs. 6, 

 8, 9, 11, 12). The apex and upper margin (especially towards the apex) is often toothed 

 (PL LVI. figs. 5, 20, 22-24). 



Hespebhxe. Moderately well extruded ; rather large, without large processes. Apex 

 often somewhat bilobed (PL LVII. figs. 25-29), upper margin with a large tooth 

 (PL LVII. fig. 30). 



The following Table shows the characteristic variations of the structure of the different 

 parts in the various families :- — 



