ARMATURE IN THE EUROPEAN RHOPALOCERA. 365 



7. Value of all the Armature in showing Affinities and Differences between Families, 



Genera, and Species. 



The arrangement of the families given in this paper is that adopted by Dr. Staudinger 

 in his ' Catalog der Lepidopteren des Europseischen Paunengebiets,' not as necessarily the 

 best classification, but as that of the most recent list of the European Lepidoptera. My 

 observations have been confined to the species inhabiting Europe proper. 



Papilionlp^:. Affinity with Lycaenidae and Hesperidse, and with Pieridse. Generic 

 differences great ; specific differences sufficiently well marked *. 



Pierxd.e. Affinity with Papilionidae and Erycinidae, and with Isymphalidse (Nym- 

 phalides). The genera rather closely allied, especially Aporia and Pieris, and Antho- 

 charis and Zegris, which latter two have scarcely generic differences. Colias is well 

 separated by structure of apical segment. Leucophasia is very aberrant in all respects. 

 The specific differences are strongest in the structure of the tegumen in JPieris, Antho- 

 charis, and Gonepteryx, and of the harpagones in Zeucophasia and Colias. 



Ltc^nzd^. Affinities with Papilionidae and Hesperidae, and perhaps Charaxes in 

 Apaturidae. 



Thecla, Atirotis, and Thestor form one group, and have scarcely generic differences. 

 Lyccena is well differentiated from them, and approaches Polyommatus, which connects 

 the family with Hesperidae. In Polyommatus there are at least four groups of species : 

 — 1st, Baticus and its allies ; 2nd, Arion and Argiolus (perhaps forming each the type 

 of a group) ; 3rd, Gorydon, Adonis, Icarus, Astrarche, &c, which are rather closely 

 allied ; and, 4th, minimus (Alsus), which diverges considerably from the type of the 

 family. (I have not yet succeeded in detecting any difference between Astrarche and 

 Artaxerxes, which, indeed, are usually united.) 



EnTCiNiDiE. Affinity with Pieridse and Nymphalidae (Nymphalides). 



Libttheid^. Affinity with Nymphalidae (Nymphalides), Apaturidae, and Satyridae. 



* In his " Systematic Revision of some of the American Butterflies " (Rep. Peabody Ac. Sc. for 1871, pp. 24-82), 

 Mr. S. H. Scudder has revived many old (Hubnerian, &c), and founded several new genera. "Without expressing 

 any opinion as to the validity of these genera ('which seem to have been somewhat unnecessarily multiplied), or of 

 Mr. Scudder's changes in nomenclature, it may not be amiss to point out how the structure of the genital armature 

 (the characters derived from which are only once or twice used in the work in question) supports, in some instances 

 Mr. Scudder's views. 



Papilio Podalirius, L., and P. Machaon, L., are given as the types of the genera Iphiclides, Hb., and Amaryssus, 

 Dalm., respectively — a generic separation which the structure, especially of the apical segment, rather confirms. 



Of the genus Vanessa, polyehloros, Antiopa, and urticce are referred to three different genera. The structure of 

 the armature supports the separation of urtica; (genus Aglais, Dalm.), but not of the other two. 



The genus Argynnis is split up into several, two of which include the species we have had occasion to treat of. 

 Aglaia and other of the large species belong to the restricted genus Argynnis ; the smaller species are contained in 

 the genus Brenihis, Hb. The character on which those and some other genera are founded by Mr. Scudder (it need 

 hardly be remarked that the genera, as Hubnerian, are of no value) have been shown by Mr. T. L. Meade (Canadian 

 Entomologist, viii. 232, Dec. 1876) to be for the most part so inconsistent that their value is very questionable. 

 Attention may therefore be called to the difference of structure of the tegumen in at least some of the European 

 species of Argynnis and Brenihis, as giving, at any rate, subgeneric characters. In the Hesperidse the generic separa- 

 tion of Thaumas, lineola, &c, from sylvanus &c, seems to be warranted. 



SECOND SERIES. — ZOOLOGY, VOL. I. 3 D 



