366 DR. F. B. WHITE ON THE MALE GENITAL 



Probably an examination of more tban the single European species belonging to this 

 and the preceding family would reveal greater affinities. 



APATURiDiE. Affinity with Nymphalidse and Libytheidse. The two genera are very 

 different in the structure of the tegumen ; and the species of Apatura are sufficiently 

 well separated by the form of the harpagones. 



Ntmphalid^:. Related to the Apaturidse and Satyridse by the Nymphalides, which, 

 again, are connected with the Vanessides by Araschnia and Pyrameis. 



Limenitis, Neptis, and Nymphalis have scarcely generic differences. 



Araschnia and Pyrantels are generally different from Vanessa ; but Grapta is scarcely 

 so. Vanessa is nearer to Argynnis than to Melitcea. 



The specific differences are often great. In the larger genera the species arrange 

 themselves in groups. Thus in Vanessa, urticce and Io form one group, and polychloros, 

 Xanthomelas, L-album, and Antiopa another. In Argynnis the large and small species 

 form each a group, containing several subgroups. 



SATYRiDiE. Affinities with Nymphalidse (Nymphalides) and Libytheidse. Generic 

 differences not strong, except in Melanargia and perhaps CEneis. Pararge, Epinephele, 

 and Satyrus scarcely separated. Species sufficiently well differentiated. 



Hesperiile. Close affinity to Lycsenidae, less close to Papilionidse, and more remote 

 to Melitcea, in Nymphalidse. Genera and species fairly well separated *. 



I regret very much that, from want of material, I have been unable to examine, 

 amongst the Rhopalocera, any but European species. It is much to be desired that 

 some one who has at his command a large collection of the butterflies of all regions 

 should investigate more extensively than I have been able to do, the structure of tbe 

 genital armature. 



DESCRIPTION OE THE PLATES. 



Note. — Where the outline of the hind margin of the last segment is ragged, part has been cut away 



(e.g. PI. LV. f. 16b). 



Plate LV. 



Fig. 1. Apex of hind body of Epinephele Hyper antus, before denudation. 



2. The same denuded : side view. 



3. The same : viewed from above. 



4. A side view of the same, with the integuments of the apical segment removed, a, the tegumen ; 



b, side lobes ; c, intromittent organ ; d, harpago. 



5. The same: viewed from below; the harpagones only. 



6. View of the inside of the harpago. 



7. Apex of harpago, more highly magnified. 



8. Tegumen from above, with the side lobes. 



9. Tegumen from below, with the side lobes. 



* Cf. Scudder and Burgess, ' On Asymmetry in the Appendages of hexapod Insects, especially as illustrated by 

 the Lepidopterous genus Nisoniades ' (Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. xii. pp. 282-306) and other works of Mr. Scudder 

 on the Hesperidse. 



