LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS, 175 
were made wherever required within the said boundary. This 
encouraged and facilitated an increase of cultivated ground, and 
just in proportion as cultivation extended, so did the number of 
wild animals decrease. It is now many years, with rare exceptions, 
since Glede, Brock, Wild Cat, or even a Fulmart were seen, 
My. Forster saw a Brock, a long time ago, which had been caught 
at Eden Castle Dene, near Corbridge. Fifty years ago, Magpies, 
Owls, Hawks, Jays, &., were numerous, now they are rarely 
seen in this neighbourhood, having been destroyed as “ vermin” 
by the gamekeepers. 
a 
THE LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF THE 
NEIGHBOURHOOD OF YORK. 
By Rosertr Miter CuRISTY. 
Tue district, the Conchology of which I have attempted to 
treat in the following pages, may be briefly described as a circular 
tract of country having the city of York as its centre, and a radius 
of about fifteen miles, though by far the greater number of species 
mentioned have been obtained in the immediate vicinity of the city. 
Throughout I have adopted very nearly the same nomenclature 
as Mr. Jeffreys, in his ‘ British Conchology.’ 
The list is to a large extent the result of my own research, but 
for assistance and information I have especially to thank Mr. James 
Backhouse and the Rev. W. C. Hey, of York, Mr. H. Richardson, 
of Newcastle, and other friends. Their contributions are distin- 
guished by having the initial letter of their respective surnames 
affixed. Mr. Hey has gone so far as to prepare a list of what 
he has observed, and I have extracted much valuable information 
from it. 
As the Geology of a district has such an important bearing 
on the Conchology, my friend Mr. J - E. Clark, of York, has 
kindly forwarded me the following remarks on the district under 
consideration. He says :— 
“The Geology of the district is not of a character to make 
a very extensive catalogue probable, as there is an entire absence 
of chalk or limestone rocks within the area. The magnesian 
limestone runs almost north and south on the west about eight 
miles distant; whilst the wolds on the east, consisting of oolitic 
