60 BOTANICAL GAZETTE [JANUARY 
half-tones; (5) copper and zinc etchings; (6) wood-cuts. I propose to 
state the nature of each of these, its limitations, its adaptability to special 
needs, and the requisites, so far as the author is concerned, for successful 
reproduction of illustrations by each process. Some examples of each 
are cited from the recent volumes of the GazETTE. This citation does 
not imply that the “copy” was what it should have been; but when it 
was not the citation is made in order to show what can be done even when 
the drawing was poorly adapted to a particular mode of reproduction. 
1. Lithographs.—These are made by drawing with crayon or pen on 
a stone or metal plate the design to be printed. It requires an expert 
draftsman, accustomed to botanical work, to make such drawings well. 
Even at best the draftsman may make mistakes, or introduce interpreta- 
tions foreign to the author’s design. The chances of error increase the 
poorer the original drawing and the more the lithographer has to alter it 
to make it presentable. Thus the only advantage of the intervention of 
an artistic hand is accompanied by a distinct disadvantage, and this 
disadvantage is increased by the likelihood that he who can only make a 
poor representation of his observations is the more likely to overlook 
errors on the part of the draftsman. 
In this country the cost of lithography is almost prohibitive, and the 
work on histological and cytological subjects is rarely good. The inev- 
itable delays, if drawings are sent to Germany and proofs returned, not to 
mention other difficulties, make it almost impracticable to attempt lithog- 
raphy. And if good drawings can be furnished, other methods are far 
better, because they provide for photographically exact reproduction. 
The only possible reason why a lithograph should be desired lies in the 
necessity of making poor drawings presentable. This should be obviated, 
if a second hand must intervene, by employing an artist to make drawings 
which can be reproduced photographically. Money is much more wisely 
spent on clear and accurate drawings, which can be corrected at leisure, 
than on expensive lithographs, with the artist across an ocean or a Ccon- 
tinent. 
Examples :—32: pls. 1-3 (German work, cytological); 33:pls. 10, 11 
(American work, entire plants); 30:pl. 12 (American work, cytological). 
2. Photolithographs.—These are made by covering the surface of 
stone or metal with a composition which will become insoluble when 
exposed to light and printing on this prepared surface a photographic 
positive of the design. After further preparation the design may be 
printed on paper by inking the face of the plate. Such printing is done 
by special power- or hand-presses and cannot accompany the text. It 
