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1907] BRIEFER ARTICLES 63 
and printed separately); 38: 347-361 (graphs and intricate tabular work; 
note especially insert after p. 356); 40: pls. 10, 11 (line with wash; block 
a combination of half-tone and zinc; not recommended). 
6. Wood-cuts.—The expense of this process is prohibitive, especially in 
view of the many mechanical processes whose results are equal or better. 
General suggestions.—It is advisable for convenience in sending 
drawings and photographs by mail that they be unmounted. If they are 
to be arranged in groups that cannot be designated by serial numbers 
alone, they may be arranged as desired on a sheet of thin paper, the outline 
of each roughly traced thereon, and the chart folded and forwarded with 
the separate sketches or photos in a small package. 
Index letters should be printed and pasted on at the end of index 
lines. Avoid the use of more than one letter at each line, but keep the 
same letter for the same structure throughout. Syn is no more significant, 
as applied to synergids, for anyone competent to read the paper, than the 
letter s or x. Sheets of printed letters and numbers will be supplied on 
request. 
It is. very instructive to compare original drawings and reproductions ; 
much can be learned from a single experience which can be applied to 
modifying future work. 
For drawing, an ordinary sharp Spencerian or Gillott pen is better 
than the excessively fine lithographic and crow-quill pens. Fine lines and 
very fine dots are not only entirely unnecessary, but too often they disappear 
in etching the plate, when moderately coarse lines and dots are properly 
reduced. Bold drawing on a large scale with proper reduction gives 
better results than the fine work done under a lens on a scale that permits 
only one fourth reduction or less. Plates may be printed in paler inks 
or tints to secure softness. Drawings unsuited to photographic reproduction 
are often excused on the ground that the author drew indistinctly because 
he saw the outline faintly. But a drawing which is dead black and shows 
the harshest contrast in order to be reproduced photographically, may be 
Printed in as faint a tint as desired, thus reducing contrasts and eliminating 
the objectionable harshness. Where extreme gradations of tone are 
necessary, of course half-tone or photogravure should be employed.— 
Caries Rerp Barnes, The University of Chicago. 
