1907] HOLM—RUBIACEAE 17 
tat 
GaLtum (GALIEAE B. et H.) 
WYDLER™ has described the seedling and the structure of the 
shoots in several species of Galium. His paper contains many points 
of interest, for instance that the axes of first order in G. cruciata do 
not become terminated by inflorescences, and that accessory buds 
are frequent in European species. The seedlings of G. saccharatum 
and of G. Aparine are figured and described by LuBBock.*4 
G. PILOSUM 
Seedlings with the first two or three internodes developed may 
be found in the early part of May. The primary root (jig. 22, r) 
is quite long and branches freely, and is of a yellowish-brown color. 
The hypocotyl (fig. 22, h) is very distinct and bears epigeic, petiolate 
cotyledons with broad blades (fig. 23). While the hypocotyl is cylin- 
dric and glabrous, the succeeding internodes are quadrangular and 
hairy. 
During the first season the hypocotyl becomes bent toward the 
surface of the ground and secondary roots commence to develop on 
all sides. The primary root continues to grow in length as well as 
in thickness. At the end of the first season the primary shoot above 
the cotyledons dies off, the hypocotyl thus being the oaly portion of 
the primary axis above ground that remains and winters over. At 
this stage, however, two minute buds become visible in the axils of 
the cotyledons, which in the next spring grow out into leafy shoots. 
Our species is a perennial herb, whose shoots die down to the ground 
every fall, while the buds in the axils of the basal leaves winter over, 
and the same mode of growth is repeated. I have never observed 
more than one bud in each axil, this species differing in this respect 
from those studied by WyDLER. 
In full-grown, fruiting specimens of G. pilosum the primary root 
persists as a slender, woody taproot of a yellowish-brown color, which 
changes to a brilliant red when preserved in alcohol. There are many 
quite strong lateral roots and secondary ones, which develop very 
freely from the basal internodes of the stem. No real rhizome 
becomes developed; the persisting stem bases with their buds and 
13 Kleinere Beitrage zur Kenntniss einheimischer Gewachse. Flora 432492. 1860. 
14 Seedlings 2:59. 1892. 
