ee ee 
*6 See Trel 
228 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. [ September, 
advantage in the organs turning to any particular side. But 
zygomorphous flowers adapted to these kinds of visitors fol- 
low the same rule as those adapted to bees, z. e., those 0 
shallow origin are sternotribe and those of deep origin are 
nototribe. Therefore, I believe that they were originally 
adapted to bees which lighted on some part of the flower. 
Many flowers adapted to humming-birds and Sphingide 
have a well developed landing which they could have had no 
influence in producing. This is shown by the fact that this 
part is sometimes much reduced in flowers adapted to them, 
us in Salvia splendens,?° a bird-flower which belongs to a 
melittophilous genus. That birds have no influence in pro- 
ducing zygomorphous flowers is indicated by Lonicera sem- 
pervirens, which is more regular than the species visited by 
ees. Flowers originally modified by Sphingide are regular, 
like Datura, Convolvulus, etc. 
Many flowers adapted to bees show butterflies, Sphingide , 
and humming-birds as intruders, and this is important, since 
it enables us to understand how bee-flowers might become , 
modified to suit them. : 
Linaria isa good example of a melittophilous genus. The 
broad tube is suited to bees, and the palate, which seems to 
be intended to exclude butterflies and flies, is easily opene 
by bees. H. Miiller found L. vulgaris27 visited exclusively by. 
bees (8 species). In Illinois I found it visited by 5 species! 
bees and 4 species of butterflies. L. alpina, according to 
Miiller,?’ is adapted to humble-bees, but is visited by Lept 
doptera also. In Florida I found L. Canadensis visited by 
bees, but much more frequently by butterflies. The spur }s 
She re ae 
ae become the predominant visitors. But 
a elphinium is adapted to bees, as far as observed. nd 
ulier saw D. Consolida visited by butterflies, Hesperia @ 
Trelease Am. Nat, ‘. 
7 Fertilization of Flowers, 432. 
28 Alpenblume: 1 206. 
mm ; : 
The flies mentioned in this paper were named by Dr. 8. W. Williston. 
