NOVEMBER 19, 1903] 
NWABORE 
the rise in steam pressure corresponding to the increased 
economy. 
The steam-engine has held its own as a prime mover 
for two centuries. The gas-engine has now become a 
more efficient heat engine, and a powerful competitor, and 
electricity has become an economical transmitter of power. 
Heat, electricity, and mechanical work are mutually con- 
vertible. The time may come when heat may be converted 
into electric current with as little loss as that involved in 
the conversion of electric current into mechanical work ; 
when that time comes, the heat efficiency of the prime mover 
will exceed that of the gas-engine in a greater degree than 
the gas-engine has exceeded that of the steam-engine. 
UNIVERSITY AND EDUCATIONAL 
INTELLIGENCE. 
CampBripGeE.—The Public Orator, Dr. Sandys, of St. 
John’s College, spoke as follows in presenting, for the 
complete degree of Master of Arts honoris causa, Mr. 
Howard Marsh, recently elected professor of surgery in 
succession to Sir George Humphry, who died in 1896. 
Haud ita pridem, ut meministis omnes, plenus annis, 
plenus honoribus, e vita excessit vir insignis, per annos 
plurimos primum anatomiam, deinde chirurgiam, inter 
nosmet ipsos praeclare professus. Qui qualis quantusque vir 
fuerit, quanto scientiae amore, quanta animi alacritate, 
quanta sermonis facundia praeditus, non est quod longius 
exsequar: vosmet ipsi vobiscum recordamini. Chirurgiae 
vero professoris nostri primi in locum, annorum septem 
intervallo interposito, nuper electus est vir egregius, quem, 
tot aliis ministrum salutis, Academiae nomine hodie ipsum 
jubemus salvere. Viri talis autem inter laudes, non nostrum 
erit hodie scientiae tam reconditae penetralia perscrutari, 
non artis intimae mysteria occulta et abstrusa in lucem 
proferre; ne corporis quidem mala illa dura verbis duris 
expressa, ut ap@pitis, ut aycdAwo.s, totiens ab hoc viro 
feliciter levata, coram vobis hodie commemorabuntur. 
Mentis potius ad bona praeclara transibimus, et professorem 
nobis nuper datum propterea praesertim animo_ laeto 
accipiemus, quod ingenio tam vivido, judicio tam subacto 
est praeditus, in rebus minutissimis observandis tam subtilis, 
in rebus obscurissimis explicandis tam lucidus. Viro in ea 
parte medicinae quae manu curat insigni manus libenter 
tendimus, dextraeque tam sollerti dextram libenter jungimus. 
Duco ad vos baronetti quidem illustris, Jacobi Paget, 
quondam adjutorem, equitis autem insignis, Georgii 
Humphry, nunc demum successorem, virum nobis omnibus 
acceptissimum, Professorem Marsh. 
A special course of advanced lectures on certain general 
aspects of zoology, to be given at the zoological laboratory 
during the Michaelmas and Lent terms, on Tuesdays and 
Saturdays at noon, commenced on November 17. The 
course includes lectures by the following :—Mr. Brindley, 
regeneration; Mr. Doncaster, (1) Weismann and his work, 
(2) experiments with Echinoderm eggs and larve; Mr. 
Fletcher, cell-structure, cell-division and maturation of 
germ-cells; Mr. J. S. Gardiner, marine fauna; Mr. Hop- 
kins, animal pigments; Mr. Punnett, metamerism; Mr. 
Shipley, parasites. The first two lectures are on parasites, 
by Mr. Shipley. The order of the other lectures will be 
arranged later. 
Mr. Bertram Hopkinson, son of the late Dr. John Hop- 
kinson, F.R.S., has been elected professor of mechanism 
and applied mechanics in succession to Prof. Ewing. Prof. 
Hopkinson was placed in the first division of the first class 
of the mathematical tripos, part ii., in 1895, and was 
proxime accessit for the Smith’s prizes in 1896. 
Mr. W. Morley Fletcher, Trinity, has been appointed 
demonstrator of physiology. 
A Clerk Maxwell studentship for research in physics will 
be filled up at the end of this term. Applications are to be 
sent to Prof. J. J. Thomson by December 18. Candidates 
must have worked at least one term at the Cavendish 
Laboratory. 
The special board for medicine proposes to establish a post- 
graduate examination and diploma in tropical medicine and 
NO. 1777, VOL. 69] 
69 
hygiene, intended to meet the needs of military, colonial, 
and missionary practitioners. Mr. Chamberlain and Mr. 
Brodrick have expressed their approval of the proposal in 
the interest of the imperial medical services. 
A syndicate consisting of Dr. Guillemard, Dr. A. Mac- 
alister, Dr. Haddon, Prof. Ridgeway, Mr. J. G. Frazer, 
Mr. A. E. Shipley, Mr. W. L. H. Duckworth, and Dr. 
Rivers, is proposed to consider the better organisation of 
the study of anthropology in the University. 
Tue Advisory Board on Military Education and Training, 
appointed by the Secretary of State for War in April last, 
has stated some of the conclusions which have been arrived 
at, and now carry the approval of the Secretary of State. 
With regard to the selection of the candidates for com- 
missions through Sandhurst and Woolwich, it is proposed 
to subject them to a twofold test, consisting of a pre- 
liminary qualification and a competitive examination. The 
Advisory Board is of opinion that the subjects covered by 
the qualifying certificate (which is to be given not by a 
special examination, but some substitute in the shape of a 
‘leaving certificate ’’) must include:—(1) English; (2) 
history and geography; (3) mathematics (elementary) ; (4) 
French or German; (5) either (a) Latin or Greek, or (b) 
science. By ‘‘ science’ in this scheme is meant such com- 
bination of experimental or natural sciences as the Board 
may approve. Provided always that the sciences recognised 
shall have been taught in a sufficiently. extended course, 
say three years, involving a sufficient amount of laboratory 
or field work. In the competitive examination the Board 
considers that for Woolwich candidates it should consist of 
three compulsory subjects, viz. English, either French or 
German, mathematics i., and of any two out of the follow- 
ing :—mathematics ii., science, history, French, German, 
Latin, Greek. For Sandhurst candidates they propose that 
there should be two compulsory subjects, viz. English, and 
French or German, with any two of the following :—mathe- 
matics i., mathematics ii., science, history, French, German, 
Greek, Latin. It consequently seems possible, and in view 
of public school traditions highly probable, that we may 
have young officers in training under the new regulations 
who are completely ignorant of scientific method. 
SomE severe criticisms of our system of education for 
officers in the Army were made by Lieut.-Colonel F. N. 
Maude at the Royal United Service Institution last week 
in a lecture on ‘‘ Military Education.’ He remarked that 
the rising generation of young officers as a body were 
leaving the public schools with less education than that of 
many of our rank and file. In his experience, Militia, 
Sandhurst, and Woolwich candidates were all willing to 
learn, and were easily interested in their work for a time, 
but as a body they were mentally incapable of *‘ concentra- 
tion’ for more than a few minutes. He suggested that 
the Government should appoint a committee of the highest 
specialists in nervous diseases, loss of control, and similar 
troubles, and get them to report on the psychological, not 
the physiological, influence of ‘‘ drill ”? exercises in restoring 
and developing will-power in the individual. Having 
secured concentration, what were they to teach? Primarily, 
they needed the power to observe facts accurately—t.e. 
scientific teaching ; next, the knowledge of facts previously 
registered—i.e. history; and, thirdly, the power to reason 
accurately from given data—i.e. mathematics. But neither 
history nor science could be studied without a knowledge 
of modern languages. History was unintelligible without 
physiography, geography, and topography—hence these 
subjects should form integral parts of its teaching. Let 
the Government, he said, settle a course of instruction: 
which could only be accomplished in the time by concentra- 
tion of purpose on the decisive factors, and would require 
in every school a thoroughly modern equipment of 
educational means and appliances, and, to start the system, 
let it send its own experts round to advise and assist 
headmasters. In conclusion, he strongly urged the import- 
ance of securing for the Army a good supply of older uni- 
versity and Militia candidates, men who joined the service 
not only with a fuller sense of responsibility than one found 
in the average schoolboy, but also with a far wider and 
surer basis of knowledge. 
