DECEMBER 31, 1903] 
NATURE 
197; 
sufficiently advanced to ensure a very considerable 
advantage over solid fuel, and that the great point 
that remains to be solved is the oil supply, which at 
the present time is so completely in the hands of big 
commercial combinations that any development of its 
use at once leads to an increase in price that renders 
its employment impossible. It must also be clearly 
borne in mind that the total oil production of the world 
is but a small fraction of that which would be needed 
if liquid fuel became universally adopted, and that of 
this quantity only a small proportion would be of the 
quality fitted for fuel purposes on board ship. 
Mr. Booth’s book is one which will be welcomed by 
all interested in this very important subject. 
OUR BOOK SHELF. 
Die ‘‘ Seele’’ als elementarer Naturfaktor, Studien 
tiber die Bewegungen der Organismen. By Hans 
Driesch. Pp. vi+ 97. (Leipzig: Wilhelm Engel- 
mann; London: Williams and Norgate,~ 1903.) 
Price 1s. od. 
Tue relation of soul to body is sometimes formulated 
as a ‘‘ parallelism,’’ sometimes as “ interaction,’’? and 
difference of theory depends, as a rule, on differences 
of standpoint. There is, however, another point of 
view in some ways more promising; it deals primarily 
with the organism as a whole, and posits the problem, 
‘““ How must we conceive organisms which present the 
phenomena of purposive action?’’ The position is 
promising, because it appears free from the presuppo- 
sitions involved in the direct question, How is mind 
related to body? but it really has an equally ambiguous 
element, because it involves placing on one scale 
forms of life which cannot be shown to possess the 
required continuous gradation. None the less, the 
method is interesting, and this book is an interesting 
example of it. 
First, the author argues that mechanical explan- 
ations of life are inadequate; they fail to account for 
complicated readjustments; they fail, above all, to 
account for reactions which are not simple reflex 
movements, but imply choice and trial of means. The 
criticism establishing this deals with the older theories 
of reflex action, instinct, and the ‘t Zentrum.’’? This 
“ Zentrum,’ in any sense in which it subserves merely 
mechanical combination, must be rejected; for it the 
author has to substitute some conception which admits 
of “* free combination.’? This conception suffers rather 
from brevity of exposition, and is defined chiefly by 
negation; some points emerge clearly; the physical 
elements (nervo-cerebral system) are not themselves 
final, but an intermediary factor; there is over and 
above these the system of what the author calls 
psychoids, apparently gradated (Oberpsychoid, Unter- 
psychoid, &c.); the structural basis of, e.g., associ- 
ation does not contain in itself the regularity required, 
but is a means to it. In addition to the mechanical 
factors, autonomous factors are asserted; the ‘‘ outer 
factors’ condition, but do not make experience; the 
gap which a physicochemical theory leaves is filled by 
the ‘* Psychoid-Theorie ”’ (p. 66). 
The author does not err on the side of dogmatism; 
his exposition is interesting, and its relations to 
cognate psychological and metaphysical doctrines are 
carefully indicated ; but is there any proof that ‘* Bio- 
autonomie ’’ has only this explanation? and is the 
solution by means of the ‘‘ Psychoid ”’ (supposing we 
know exactly what that is) more than an old problem 
in a new form? so aS 8} 
NO. 1783, VOL. 69 | 
| although 
Indians of the South-west. By George A. Dorsey, 
Ph.D. (Chicago: Passenger Department, Atchi- 
son, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway System.) 
Ir is characteristic of American enterprise that the 
Passenger Department of the Atchison, Topeka and 
Santa Fe Railway System should issue a concise hand- 
book on the Indians of the south-west by a dis- 
tinguished field anthropologist. This most fascin- 
ating and important ethnological area has been in- 
vestigated by many distinguished American ethno- 
logists, whose results have appeared in various publica 
tions. The disjointed character of these memoirs, 
they are often presented with a great 
thoroughness, has rendered it difficult for students, on 
this side of the Atlantic at least, to gain a clear con- 
ception of the various Indian groups, and of the sig- 
nificance of their complex rituals. The time is there- 
fore ripe for a succinct presentation of the main facts. 
already published concerning these peoples. Dr. 
G. A. Dorsey, of the’ Field Columbian Museum, 
‘Chicago, has travelled extensively in the south-west, 
and readers of Nature have frequently been informed 
ot his valuable contributions to American ethnology. 
He is therefore eminently qualified to undertake the 
task, and in the 223 pages of this book he has con- 
densed a vast amount of trustworthy information re- 
garding the daily life, industries, and religious cere- 
monial of the natives. 
The following subjects are dealt with :—the tribes, 
linguistic stocks and industries of the south-west 
peoples; the Pueblos of the Upper and Lower Rio 
Grande; the homes of the ancients; Zuni and the seven 
cities of Cibola; domestic life of the Hopi; Flute, 
Antelope, Snake, and other ceremonies; ancient home 
of the Hopi; the Navaho, the Apache; tribes of the 
Yuman and Piman stock, and the tribes of south- 
eastern California. The book is illustrated with a 
profusion of beautiful and instructive illustrations, and 
a valuable bibliography is appended. Doubtless the 
publication of this book, of which 15,000 copies have 
been issued, will lead to the south-west becoming a 
popular resort for tourists. 
This will rapidly hasten the Europeanising and’ 
vulgarising of the most picturesque and unspoilt of 
the existing pagan peoples of North America; indeed, 
traces of this decay are not already wanting. If this 
boolx succeeds in the purpose for which it was brought 
out, it will materially, though unintentionally, help 
to destroy the last surviving relic of advanced pre- 
Columbian culture in North America. 
The Butterflies and Moths of Europe. By W. F. 
Kirby, F.L.S., &c. Pp. liit+432. (London: Cassell 
and Co., Ltd., 1903.) Price 21s. net. 
Tuts book was originally published in 1882, and then 
comprised all the species that were included in the 
catalogue of Staudinger and Wocke (1871). The 
present volume brings the subject much more up to 
present knowledge, as it now contains descriptions of 
all the species of strictly European butterflies and 
larger moths enumerated in the great catalogue of 
Palearctic Lepidoptera published by Staudinger and 
Rebel in rg0r._ The few species found in Madeira and 
the Canary Islands, but not met with on the Continent 
of Europe, have also been included, so that the worle 
will afford an excellent help to any entomological 
Continental tourist, or those who perforce escape the 
rigour of our winter months in the Atlantic islands. 
Mr. Kirby has also brought our knowledge of the 
larvae of these species up to date by the description of 
those discovered since the publication of his previous 
volume. 
The author has achieved considerable success in the 
difficult task of writing a popular guide without pro- 
