236 
NATURE 
[JANUARY 7, 1904 
Physiology.—For experiments in nutrition, Prof. W. O. 
Atwater, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn., 10ool. ; 
for preparing report on the physiology of nutrition, Dr. 
Arthur Gamgee, Montreux, Switzerland, 1300. 
Psychology.—For certain investigations on the anthro- 
pology of childhood, Dr. G. Stanley Hall, Clark University, 
Worcester, Mass., 4ool.; for researches in experimental 
phonetics, Prof. E. W. Scripture, Yale University, New 
Haven, Conn., 320. 
Zoology.—For determining the laws of variation and in- 
heritance of certain Lepidoptera, Dr. H. E. Crampton, 
“Columbia University, New York, s5ol.; for investigation 
of recent and fossil corals, Dr. J. E. Duerden, Chapel Hill, 
N.C., 200l.; for investigating the blind fishes of Cuba, Dr. 
C. H. Eigenmann, Indiana University, Bloomington, Ind., 
20ol.; for preparing manuscript and illustrations for a 
monograph on American mosquitoes, Dr. L. O. Howard, 
Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C., 4ool.; for 
experiments on the behaviour of lower animals, Dr, H. S. 
Jennings, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich., 5ol. ; 
to making a comparative study of the spermatogenesis of 
insects and other classes of arthropods, and if possible to 
determine the specific functions of the different chromo- 
somes, Prof. C. E. McClung, Kansas University, Lawrence, 
Kans., rool. ; for investigations in experimental embryology, 
&c., in Naples, Dr. E. B. Wilson, Columbia University, 
New York, 200l.; for morphology and classification of deep 
sea sponges, Prof. H. V. Wilson, University of North 
Carolina, Chapel Hill, 200l.; for maintenance of twenty 
tables, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Mass., 
20001. ; for maintenance of two tables, Marine Biological 
Station, Naples, Italy, 2o0ol. 
SURVEY OF SCOTTISH LAKES. 
EADERS of Nature are aware that in the year 1896 Sir 
John Murray and the late Mr. Fred. P. Pullar com- 
menced to carry out a bathymetrical survey of the fresh-water 
lochs of Scotland, but the work was brought to a standstill in 
February, 1901, owing to the tragic death of the younger 
collaborator, who heroically lost his life in attempting to 
save others in an ice accident on Airthrey Loch, near Bridge 
of Allan. As a memorial to this talented young man, his 
father, Mr. Laurence Pullar, and Sir John Murray resolved 
to complete this important piece of work at their joint 
expense, and in the spring of 1902 the survey was resumed 
under the personal supervision of Sir John Murray, with 
the assistance of a staff of young scientific men.' 
During the season of 1902 one hundred and _ fifty-five 
Scottish lakes were completely surveyed, and during the 
past season two hundred and thirty-one, making a total of 
three hundred and eighty-six of the Scottish fresh-water 
lochs completed, including all the larger and more important 
ones. There still remain, however, a good many small and 
outlying lochs to be surveyed, but it is anticipated that early 
next season (1904) the actual work of sounding the Scottish 
fresh-water lochs so far as practicable will be completed. 
The preparation of the maps for the engraver has been 
going on continuously, and the publication of the results 
of the survey has already been commenced in the Geo- 
graphical Journal and the Scottish Geographical Magazine. 
In continuation of the work of Sir John Murray and the 
late Mr. Pullar among the lochs of the Forth and Tay 
basins, the staff of the Lake Survey commenced operations 
early in 1902 in the northern portion of the Tay basin, and 
1 The field staff consisted of Mr. T. N. Johnston, first assistant and 
zoologist; Mr. James Parsons, chemist; Mr. T. R. H Garrett, geologist ; 
Mr. John Hewitt, zoologist ; Mr. James Murray, assistant zoologist : and 
the following gentlemen took part in the field work for longer or shorter 
periods during the summer of rgo2, viz. Mr. R. M. Clark, Dr. J. Sutherland 
Black, Sir John Jackson, Mr. D C McIntosh, Mr. James Walker, and Mr. 
D. J. Scourfield. After the completion of the first season’s work, Mr. 
Parsons and Mr. Garrett received appointments in Ceylon and Borneo 
respectively, and their places on the staff were taken by Mr. R. B. Young 
and Mr. R. C. Marshall; in addition, Mr. E. R. Watson and Mr. E. M. 
Wedderburn joined the staff early in 1903, and in July, when Mr. Young 
left to take up an appointment in the South African College, Mr. J. H. M. 
Wedderburn took his place on the staff. The office work in Edinburgh is 
in charge of Mr. James Chumley, secretary and subeditor, with the assist- 
ance of Mr. Robert Dykes. 
NO. 1784, VOL. 69] 
after surveying the principal lochs in that neighbourhood} 
moved northwards and westwards through Perthshire,. 
Inverness-shire, Argyllshire, Ross-shire, Sutherlandshire,. 
and Caithness-shire, sounding all the more important lochs, 
like Lochs Tay, Rannoch, Treig, Laggan, Arkaig, Shiel, 
Morar, Maree, Fannich, Shin, <Assynt, More, Naver, 
Loyal, Hope, and many smaller ones. In the spring 
of 1903 a start was made with the lochs of the Caledoniam 
Canal (Ness and Lochy) and of the surrounding district, 
then the staff moved southwards to Loch Awe and Loch 
Lomond, which were sounded for the sake of comparison 
with the surveys carried out by the Admiralty in the year 
1861. Subsequently the staff was split up into small parties, 
one party proceeding to the south of Scotland to survey 
Lochs Doon, Ken, Dee, &c., a second party proceeding to- 
Lewis to survey Loch Langavat and other smaller lochs, 
while a third party proceeded to Orkney and Shetland to 
survey Lochs Harray and Stenness, and the numerous small! 
lochs in those islands. 
In addition to the routine sounding work, continuous. 
observations of a varied description have been carried out. 
on Loch Ness throughout the past season. In order to 
study the seiches in Loch Ness, a limnograph, constructed 
in Geneva under the supervision of Dr. Ed. Sarasin, was- 
set up in the grounds of St. Benedict’s Monastery at Fort 
Augustus (by kind permission of the Lord Abbot), and has. 
been in charge of Mr. E. M. Wedderburn. The records. 
_ obtained are now being studied and classified, and are likely 
to lead to interesting results; uninodal, binodal, and multi-- 
nodal seiches have been recognised, and their duration,. 
periodicity, and amplitude determined. 
Continuous observations of the temperature of the water- 
at different depths in Loch Ness have also been carried on 
by Sir John Murray, Mr. Watson, and other members of 
the staff since July. The temperature changes have been 
studied systematically—first, by means of platinum re-- 
sistance thermometers with Callendar’s recording apparatus, 
installed by the Cambridge Scientific Instrument Co., at a_ 
cost of several hundred pounds, from a yacht anchored in 
300 feet of water off Fort Augustus, and connected with 
the shore by an electric cable ; secona, by means of ordinary: 
reversing thermometers at Fort Augustus and from a steam 
yacht, which during several weeks made numerous cruises- 
throughout the length of the loch. Difficulties have cropped 
up with reference to the working of the electrical thermo- 
meters, but the observations made thus far have shown that- 
the waters in Loch Ness are in constant motion, even down 
as far as 300 to 400 feet. The motion of the upper waters- 
iu Scottish lochs has been already studied by Sir John 
Murray, who advanced the theory that a wind blows the 
surface water before it, and so causes a slope of the upper 
isothermals down towards the lee shore. The investigations. 
in Loch Ness confirm this theory, whilst adding some re- 
strictions for this particular case. But the chief interest 
attaches to the study of the motion of the deeper~ 
isotherms, which have never before been studied with 
care. These isotherms have been found to be swinging in 
a periodic fashion, with a natural period of about three- 
days. It is supposed that we have here an internal seiche, 
with the separating surface determined by the greatest 
change of temperature with depth, the restoring force being 
given by the difference of density between the warmer 
upper and the colder deeper waters. The investigations- 
indicate that this internal seiche is started by gales or winds: 
of a strength above the average. 
Many biological observations have also been made in Loch 
Ness and neighbouring lochs by Mr. James Murray, Mr. 
Scourfield and others, by means of various kinds of tow-- 
nets and drag-nets, with the view of obtaining some insight. 
into the relation between the habits and distribution of the 
different planktonic and benthonic organisms and the vary-- 
ing physical conditions. 
All these limnological investigations have been carried 
out under the immediate superintendence of Sir John 
Murray, who took up residence at Fort Augustus from the- 
beginning’ of July until the end of October, and arrange-- 
ments have been made for the continuance of the tempera- 
ture and seiche observations under the charge of Mr.. 
Watson, and of the biological observations under the charge- 
_of Mr. James Murray, throughout the winter. 
