H34 
NALORLE 
[ FEBRUARY 4, 1904 
It is a great incentive for the students that the college 
sends abroad those graduates who are of promising ability 
and of good character for the completion of their education. 
Any boy above fifteen and below twenty-one years of age 
is admitted to the college after passing the entrance ex- 
aminations. The graduates of the Government public or 
private middle schools, which are acknowledged by the 
Minister of Education to be on equal footing with the 
public middle schools, are admitted to the college without 
entrance examination on their scholarship, provided they 
receive satisfactory reports as to ability and character 
from the respective schools where they have graduated. 
The cadets are of two kinds, those who are supported by 
loans from the Government or from some mercantile corpor- 
ations, and those paying their own expenses. Such students 
of good character and ability as are deemed by the college 
authorities to be worthy imples to follow are treated as 
honorary students, and they are freed from their expenses. 
The teaching and administrative staffs of the college com- 
prise sixty-six members, and the total number of cadets 
undergoing instruction at the college, in workshops, and 
on board ships is 515. 
To practise the cadets in making knots, seigings, splices, 
hitches, bends, bending and unbending, making and taking 
in sails, sending up and down yards and spars, a train- 
ing ship named the Metji Maru is moored in the basin 
belonging to the college, where the cadets are drilled after 
their morning class lessons are over. They are also drilled 
in boating, sailing and steering. The Meiji Maru was built 
at Glasgow, being of 1037-20 tons gross and 457-46 net 
tons; length 242 feet, breadth 29-25 feet, depth 21-50 feet. 
The college owns another sailing vessel named the Kotonoo 
Maru, used as a training ship. This was built in London, 
being 825.32 tons gross and 775-62 net tons; length 161-55 
feet, breadth 17-65 feet. The ship is employed in coasting 
the neighbouring seas. 
A large sailing vessel named the Taisei Maru, of more | 
the 
than 2000 tons, is now in course of building at 
Kawasaki Dock in KObe, and when finished it will be used 
as a training ship in navigating not only to the different 
ports in Japan, but also to those of Europe, America, 
Australia, &c. 
Besides the Government Nautical College, the Nippon 
Kaiin Ekisailwai (Japan Sailors’ Home) is to some extent 
contributing toward the training of higher seamen. The 
association has branch offices at Tokio, Kobe, and 
Nagasaki, where a number of ordinary seamen of some 
experience are instructed in order to prepare themselves for 
the examinations to obtain the higher seamen’s licenses. 
Other public institutions for training higher seamen are 
the nautical schools at Hakodate, Hokkaido; Oshima, 
Yamaguchiken ; Ochigori, Ehimeken; Mitoyogori, Kaga- 
waken; Toba, Miyeken; Sagagori, Saga; Toyoda, Hiro- 
shimaken. In these institutions navigation and engineer- 
ing courses are offered. The institutions are open to boys 
who have finished their four years’ course at high elemen- 
tary schools, and to those who are regarded upon examin- 
ation as of equal ability. The course is about six and a 
half years, the lessons being as follows :— 
Moral code. Reading. 
Composition. Mathematics. 
Physics. Chemistry. 
Navigation _ Cece D hy. Cote language. 
Department. rawing. ymnastics. 
Elements of surgery. 
General principles of seamanship, navigation, 
marine meteorology and shipbuilding. 
-Principles of mercantile marine business. 
ed ca Applied Mechanics. 
Engineering | General principles of electricity. 
Department. ) General principles of shipbuilding. 
Principles of mercantile marine business. 
The graduates of the institution mentioned are required 
to take the examination for higher seamen, and when they 
successfully pass it they are made deck-oflicers or engineers, 
but the graduates of the Nautical College are granted sea- 
men’s certificates without examination. 
NO. 1788, VOL. 69] 
| 
THE SANDING-UP OF TIDAL HARBOURS. 
T the meeting of the Institution of Civil Engineers om 
A January 26 Mr. A. E. Carey read a paper on ‘* The: 
Sanding-up of Tidal Harbours.’’ 
The object of the paper was to indicate the effects of 
sanding-up in harbours situated (1) where no river de- 
bouches, and (2) at the mouths of rivers or estuaries. Of 
the three channels to the Port of Ostend one is now 
abandoned, and the other two are kept clear by the annual 
dredging of 950,000 cubic metres. Similarly the Port of 
Boulogne requires the annual dredging of 535,000 cubic 
metres. Mr. Carey considers that dredging is the only 
satisfactory expedient for conserving working depths at the 
mouths of sand-threatened harbours. Littlehampton is an 
instance of a permanent harbour at a river-mouth, but the 
entrance is almost dry at low water. The obliteration of 
Ceara Harbour, Brazil, a work which occupied ten years. 
and cost more than 400,000l., provides an instance of the 
extinction of a harbour by sand. From a study of the 
various stages in the construction of the harbour of Madras, 
it appears that the changes in the contour of the coast 
which resulted from the first two years’ working included a 
progressive shoaling of the entire area of the harbour up 
to the original 73-fathom line. In the opinion cf the mixed 
commission appointed by the Indian Government in 1883, 
unless the opening of the harbour as designed were closed, 
and a new opening to the north-east substituted, the harbour 
would prove valueless as a shelter for shipping. 
Referring to the harbours of Denmark, Mr. Carey said 
that on the west coast the only harbour is that of Esbjerg, 
and, with this exception, fishing-boats have no_ shelter 
except the mouth of the Limfjord. At Hirtshals a Govern- 
ment harbour was projected at a cost of 550,o00l., and the 
works were started in 1879. The work is new sanded-up 
and abandoned, except that the pier has since been pro- 
longed. The utilisation of the Ringkjébingfjord was 
advocated, and plans were submitted of an isolated harbour 
connected by viaducts with the shore at Sandnazshage, a 
favourable spot owing to the depth of water there, and the 
protection of an outlying reef. The Danish Government 
has now determined on the construction of a small harbour 
at Skagen, and of two isolated moles, respectively at 
Hanstholm and Vorupor. In view of the precarious nature 
of tidal harbour work, a departure from established practice 
is called for. Harbours of refuge have a limited range of 
utility, unless in land-locked positions. In a number of 
instances it would be practicable by means of piled struc- 
tures to create shipping facilities which would meet reason- 
able requirements, and come within the resources of local 
authorities, also avoiding the permanent expense of dredg- 
ing. Such structures would, however, have to be carefully 
designed, especially in relation to their height, cranage, 
and the moorings for vessels frequenting them. 
UNIVERSITY AND EDUCATIONAL 
INTELLIGENCE. 
Oxrorp.—The following appointments of examiners for 
1904 and 1905 have been approved :—In the final honour 
school of chemistry, Mr. Herbert B. Baker; in the pre- 
liminary examination in physics, Mr. Robert E. Baynes; in 
chemistry, Mr. George B. Croushaw ; in botany, Mr. A. C. 
Seward, F.R.S. 
It has been resolved in convocation to confer the degree 
of D.C.L., honoris causa, upon Mr. Henry Wilde, F.R.S., 
and of M.A., honoris causa, upon Mr. J. J. Manley, curator 
of the Daubeny Laboratory, Magdalen College. 
A sum of 1200/1. has been offered to the university by Mr- 
Philip Francis Walker for the purpose of founding a student- 
ship for original research in pathology. The studentship 
will not be confined to members of the University of Oxford. 
Elections to it are to be made by a board consisting of the 
Vice-Chancellor, the regius professor of medicine, the 
Waynflete professor of physiology, the president of the 
Royal College of Physicians, and Mr. Philip F. Walker. 
It is not to be awarded by the result of a competitive 
examination. The studentship is to be tenable for three 
years, and of the annual value of 2o00l. 
In order to avoid the overlapping of practical work in 
