56 
or polished flints or human bones have been found in 
this lower layer up to the present time. 
At a short distance from the entrance the Neolithic 
finds cease, leaving the stalagmite uncovered ; but, on the 
other hand, the quaternary hearths persist, and they are 
less dark in colour, and of reddish hue, owing to clay 
with which they are mixed. Further on the hearths 
become simple layers of clay, containing quatermary 
fauna and worked flints. Further on still, about seventy 
yards from the entrance, there is a great accumulation 
of remains of bears, and hyzenas’ teeth, &c. 
Owing to the excavations made under the direction of 
M. Riviére, it is possible to go about a length of 136 
yards in the cave with perfect ease. A further distance 
of eighty yards may be traversed, but only by crawling, as 
the passage is very small. 
The drawings on the sides of the cave were first 
noticed in April last year ; they consist generally of two 
kinds—some simple, made on the walls and ceiling 
(vault) of the cave ; others with certain features coloured 
with ochre. There is a third kind, consisting of a 
scratching of the rock, the scratches being covered also 
with ochre. The first and second represent animals 
only. In some cases it is difficult to make out what is 
represented ; two, however, have been identified, one 
being a bison ; the other the hinder limbs of which seem 
to represent a kind of ox, while the head (of which part 
is effaced) resembles a horse with a short mane. It 
measures no less than two yards in length from the tip 
of its snout to the end of its tail. 
The photographs of these two drawings, which were 
sent to the Academy, were taken by M. Charles Durand, 
They were obtained by means of an illumination of 140 
candles, and an exposure of four anda half hours. M. 
Riviére and M. Durand hope at some future time to 
photograph the other engravings. 
HENRY NEWELL MARTIN. 
ENRY NEWELL MARTIN was born on July 1, 
1848, at Newry, Co. Down, Ireland. He was 
the eldest of a family of twelve, his father being at 
the time a Congregational minister, but afterwards be- 
coming a schoolmaster. Both his parents were Irish, 
his father coming from South Ireland, and his mother 
from North Ireland. He received his early education 
chiefly at home ; for though he went to several schools, 
his stay was not long at any one of them. 
Having matriculated at the University of London 
before he was fully sixteen years of age (an exemption as 
to age being made in his favour), he became an ap- 
prentice to Dr. McDonagh, in the Hampstead Road, 
London, in the neighbourhood of University College, on 
the understanding that the performance of the services 
which might be required of him as apprentice, should 
not prevent his attending the teaching at the Medical 
School of the College, and the practice at the Hospital. 
It was here that I made his acquaintance in 1867. 
I was at that time teacher of histology and practical 
physiology at the School, having succeeded the late Dr. 
George Harley, and I well remember that Martin asked 
my permission to attend my course, in face of the 
drawback that, owing to his duties as apprentice above 
mentioned, he could only give to the study half the 
time demanded. I unwillingly gave permission; but 
soon found that Martin learnt in his half time more than 
the rest of the students in their whole time; and thus 
begun a friendship between us, which lasted until his 
death. During his career at University College he greatly 
distinguished himself, taking several medals and prizes. 
In 1870 he obtained a scholarship at Christ’s College, 
Cambridge, Liversidge, now Professor of Chemistry in 
the University of Sydney, then a student at the Royal 
NO. 1412, VOL. 55] 
NATURE 
[| NovEMBER 19, 1896 
School of Mines, gaining one at the same time ; he had, 
in the summer of that year, conducted at Cambridge a 
class of Histology for the late Sir G. Humphry. Though 
elected to the scholarship, Martin had some doubts 
whether he ought to take it up, and anxiously consulted 
me on the matter. I believe that my being able to tell 
him that I, too, was about to go to Cambridge, having 
been appointed Prelector of Physiology at Trinity 
College, finally removed all hesitation. Thus we two 
went up to Cambridge together in the October of that 
year. I at once asked him to assist me by acting as my 
demonstrator, and during the whole of his stay at 
Cambridge he was in every way my right hand. His 
energy and talents made my work much easier, and his 
personal qualities did much to make natural science 
popular in the University. At that time there was, per- 
haps, a tendency on the part of the undergraduate to 
depreciate natural and, especially, biological science, and 
to regard it as something not quite academical. Martin, 
by his bright ways won, among his fellows, sympathy 
for his line of study, and showed them, by entering into 
all their pursuits (he became, for instance, President of. 
the Union, and Captain of the Volunteers), that the 
natural science student was in no respects inferior to 
the others. 
In Cambridge, as in London, his career was dis- 
tinguished. He gained the first place in the Natural 
Science Tripos of 1873, the second place being taken by 
Francis M. Balfour ; at that time the position in the 
Tripos was determined by the aggregate of marks in all 
the subjects. While at Cambridge he took the B.Sc. and 
M.B. London, gaining in the former the scholarship 
in Zoology ; he proceeded later to the D.Sc., being the 
first to take that degree in Physiology So soon as, or 
even before, he had taken his degree, he began to devote 
some time to research, though that time, owing to the 
necessity of his making money by teaching, was limited ; 
his first publication was a little paper on the structure 
of the olfactory membrane, which appeared in the 
Journal of Anatomy and Physiology. 
In the summer of 1873, I had assisted the late Prof. 
Huxley in the course of Elementary Biology which he 
initiatéd at the Royal College of Science, and in the fol- 
lowing year I introduced a similar course into my teach- 
ing at Cambridge. In this Martin was my chief assistant ; 
he also subsequently acted as assistant in the same 
course to Prof. Huxley. One result of this was that he 
prepared, under Huxley’s supervision, a text-book of the 
course which, under their names, appeared with the title 
“ Practical Biology,” and which has since been so largely 
used. 
In 1874 he was made Fellow of his College, and giving 
himself up with enthusiasm to the development of natural 
and, especially, of biologic science at the University, was 
looking forward to a scientific career in England, if not 
at Cambridge. About that time, however, the Johns Hop- 
kins University at Baltimore was being established, and 
such was the impression made by Martin upon those with. 
whom he came in contact, among others Dr. Gilman, 
of Baltimore, that in 1876 he was invited to become 
the first occupant of the chair of Biology which had 
been founded in the Johns Hopkins University. This 
offer he accepted, and thus nearly the whole of his scien- 
tific career was passed in America. He went out prepared 
to develop in his new home the higher teaching of biologic 
science, especially that spirit of research which alone 
makes teaching “ high”; and during the rather less than a 
score of years which made up his stay at Baltimore, he 
produced a very marked effect on American science, fully 
working out the great aim of the University which had 
adopted him. By himself, or in concert with his pupils, 
he carried on many important investigations, among 
which may especially be mentioned those on the excised 
mammalian heart, one of which formed the subject of the 
