SEPTEMBER 4, I91 3] 
NATURE 
ios) 
uced in the patient, then it must first be pos- 
essed by the practitioner : “The power of healing 
eleased through a religious psychotherapy should 
mediated by the minister of religion.” If so, 
hen, Mr. Weaver argues, the Christian Church 
lust carry on the ministry of religious psycho- 
herapy. Mr. Weaver’s fundamental assumption, 
hen, is: Be good (or get someone to make you 
food) and you won’t be ill. It is a defect of his 
ook, however, that he does not convince the 
eader of the truth of the assumption. 
(3) Mr. Hobhouse’s ‘Development and Pur- 
jose” is a contribution to philosophy, serious, 
olid, and certainly heavy. ‘‘The book completes 
| scheme which has occupied the writer for twenty- 
ix years, and has been carried through successive 
ages in three previous works.” But the scheme 
has come to be completed in a way which a quarter 
bf a century ago Mr. Hobhouse did not foresee 
x intend. He has come to hold that in the pro- 
tess of evolution both mechanical causation and 
eleological causation are at work; and, what is 
nore, that mechanical causation involves teleo- 
Intelligent action is truly purposive, that is to 
Say it is teleological causation and is not resolv- 
able into mechanical laws. The actual order of 
reality, he tells us, is determined by the impulse 
‘realise the future: what we do now is deter- 
/mined by what we want to be or do in 
e future. But, if that is so, it seems 
to the reader as though no place were left for 
mechanical causation, no need for causes prior 
in time to their effects. Mr. Hobhouse, however, 
holds that mechanical causation involves teleo- 
logical causation, i.e. apparently that there could 
be no cause prior in time to the effects unless there 
were causes which, being teleological, are not 
prior in time to their effects. From this it would 
seem that the source of the trouble lies in the 
assumption that causes must be in time; on that 
assumption causes must both be and not be prior 
in time to their effects. 
_ Mr. Hobhouse, though he sees and says that 
in the more ultimate sense Reality is not in time, 
but time is in Reality, does not devote more than 
this single sentence to the way in which, as it 
seems to us, the notion of time refracts causation 
into mechanical and teleological causes. How- 
ever, Mr. Hobhouse’s services to the cause of 
Philosophy are recognised by all interested in 
philosophy ; and all will be glad that the Univer- 
of Durham has, in recognition of those 
ervices, conferred upon him the honorary degree 
f D.Litt. 
B NO. 2288, VoL. 92] 
IRON AND STEEL METALLURGY. 
(1) Iron Making in Alabama. Third Edition. 
W. B. Phillips. Pp. 254+xxxi plates. 
bama: The University, 1912.) 
(2) Iron and Steel: An Introductory Text-book 
for Engineers and Metallurgists. By O. F. 
Hudson and Dr. G. D. Bengough. Pp. x +173. 
(London: Constable and Co., Ltd. 1913.) Price 
6s. net. 
T would be difficult to find a better illustra- 
tion of the wide range of subjects involved 
in the study of iron and steel than these two 
books. Whereas one deals mainly with the ex- 
traction of iron from its ores, the other is largely 
concerned with the properties of the recovered 
metal, and the subjects range from the mining 
of the ore and the washing of coal on the one 
hand, to the constitution of steel and the electro- 
lytic theory of corrosion on the other. 
(1) The book by Mr. Phillips is published by the 
Geological Survey of Alabama, and is of necessity 
somewhat statistical. It is seldom, however, that 
one finds statistics dealt with in such an interest- 
ing manner. The title of the book might more 
accurately and with advantage be described as 
“Tron and Steel Making in Alabama,” for it 
includes an excellent account of the steel-works 
of the State, which are responsible for an annual 
output of nearly half a million tons of steel in 
all sections, from rails to wire. 
The first part of the book deals exhaustively with 
the iron ores of Alabama, and a chapter is devoted 
to experimental work on concentration. Fluxes 
and fuels are then considered, and much useful 
information is given on coking practice and the 
employment of by-product coke ovens.  Blast- 
furnace practice, as regards both coke and char- 
coal furnaces, is considered in detail, and the 
growth and development of the modern Dlast- 
furnace is traced from the year 1894 to 1Igio. 
This is followed by an excellent account of the 
steel-works and rolling-mills of the State, and 
finally there is a chapter on coal-washing. Not 
the least useful feature of the book is the large 
number of tables of statistics, and some reference 
must be made to the excellent series of illustra- 
tions, thirty in number, which are reproduced 
from photographs. 
The extent of the iron and steel industry in 
Alabama may be gauged from the fact that in 
the year 1910 nearly five million tons of ore were 
mined and sixteen million tons of coal, of which 
five million tons were converted into coke. The 
production of pig-iron amounted to two million 
tons, and of steel half a million tons. Such an 
industry is of more than local importance, and 
By 
(Ala- 
