110 NATURE 
Another matter satisfactorily settled was the copper 
standard, which had long been discussed between the 
four National Physical Laboratories of England, 
France, Germany, and America, and the ultimate 
figures were agreed to, so that the tables of copper 
conductors based on this standard will be common to 
all the countries. 
Mr. Maurice Leblanc, of Paris, was unanimously 
elected to succeed Dr. Budde, as president of the 
I.E.C., for a term of two years, and he will therefore 
preside at San Francisco. 
Colonel Crompton was re-elected honorary secre- 
tary for the third time. 
The Spanish delegates invited the special com- 
mittees to hold their next meetings in April next in 
Madrid, and the Russian delegate, Prof. de Chate- 
lain, on behalf of the Russian Committee, invited the 
I.E.C. to hold the plenary meeting of 1917 in St. 
Petersburg. 
BUDGETS OF CERTAIN UNIVERSITIES 
AND UNIVERSITY COLLEGES IN 
ENGLAND AND WALES. 
a HE reports for the year 1911-12 from those univer- 
ties and university colleges in Great Britain 
which are in receipt of grant from the Board of 
Education have been issued in two bulky volumes 
(Cd. 7008 and Cd. 7009). The first volume contains 
reports from the provincial universities and university 
colleges in England, and the second reports from the 
London college, including the medical schools, the 
Welsh colleges, and Dundee University College. 
The tabular matter which precedes the separate 
reports from the various universities contains detailed 
information as to the income and expenditure of the 
places of higher education concerned. The following 
summaries have been compiled from the tables, and 
show at a glance the amount available for education 
and research in the universities and colleges receiv- 
ing Treasury grants and how the income is expended. 
UNIVERSITIES AND UNIVERSITY COLLEGES. 
(1) ENGLAND. 
(a) Income. 
Amount Percentage 
of total 
Fees oe a As STOO; S77 i. eos 
Endowments BY, e Ben wR 435) iss eae 
Donations and Subscriptions 2 ART 3°6 
Annual Grants from Local Autho- 
TULIGS) bree or ah Pee AROS; O7 5 is,- ISA 
Parliamentary Grants Seen Rel G003, rs 405 
Contributions from Hospitals, 
&c., for services rendered... G50 eaten. o'r 
Other Income is: 22,694 ... chy 
Total 622,474 100'0 
(b) Expenditure. 
f Amount Percentage 
of total 
Administration ... “3 PU AIS ZO. wos) 10%: 
Provision and Alteration of 
Buildings GSS. ~ 0: Vi 
Maintenance . be (ic eR gle ae Cole = 
Educational Expenses ... 400,001 ... 66°4 
Superannuation ... 3 ae DSs575. xs 2! 
Scholarships, &e., from sources 
other than Trust Funds O18 7) © on. ry 
Other Expenses ... 44,228 ... 7°4 
Total 602,028 100°0 
NO. 2291, VOL. 92] 
[SEPTEMBER 25, 1913 
(2) WaALEs. 
(a) Income.” 
Amount Percentage 
of total 
Fees ae Ke BS 23) 18,107) ye es 
Endowments... ASIGI Jae 6'5 
Donations and Subscriptions a FOUL ee 370 
Annual Grants from Local 
Authorities ee es 52283" ies 8:2 
Parliamentary Grants ... ws’ (99j}805.. coe 
Other Income ... ayy a 890... 14 
Total FP --- 64,197 100°0 
(b) Expenditure. 
Amoant Percentage 
& of total 
8,104" Se. baa 
4,059 «- = 7°3 
46,399 .. 726 
1,640 ... 2°6 
Administration ... 
Maintenance c A 
Educational Expenses ... 
Superannuation .. ser ae 
Scholarships, &c., from other 
than Trust Funds __... aor SOB) hee 0'6 
Other Expenses ... ; Fy 2690 Gea 4°2 
Total 63,867 100°0 
The total income from endowments in England has 
increased by about 4500l., due chiefly to new endow- 
ments for Reading University College, which bring in 
about 4oool. a year, and the increased income of 
about 1600]. a year available for East London Col- 
lege. On the other hand, the income from Welsh 
endowments has fallen by nearly 3001. The total in- 
come from donations and subscriptions shows some 
falling-off, both in England and Wales, owing in part at 
least to the exclusion of donations specially earmarked 
for scholarship purposes. The net annual grants from 
local education authorities show an increase of about 
10,0001, in England and about 8ool. in Wales. The 
income received from Parliamentary grants increased 
during the year by about 58,oo0ol. F 
The expenditure during 1911-12 out of income upon 
the provision and alteration of buildings in England 
was more than 4qoool. greater than in the previous 
year, owing in the main to heavy expenses at Leeds 
largely due to the provision of a hostel for women and 
to alterations and equipment at University College, 
London. = 
THE PILTDOWN SKULL, 
IX his evening lecture to the British Association at 
Birmingham on September 16, Dr. Smith Wood- 
ward took the opportunity of replying to Prof. Arthur 
Keith’s recent criticisms on his reconstruction of the ~ 
Piltdown skull. It will be remembered that Dr. 
Woodward regarded the mandible as essentially that 
of an ape, and restored it with ape-like front teeth, 
while he determined the brain-capacity of the skull 
to approach closely the lowest human limit. Prof. 
Keith, on the other hand, modified the curves of the 
mandible to accommodate typically human teeth, and 
reconstructed the skull with a brain-capacity exceeding 
that of the average civilised European, 
Fortunately, Mr. Charles Dawson has continued his 
diggings at Piltdown this summer with some success, 
andon August 30, Father P. Teilhard, who was work- 
ing with him, picked up the canine tooth which 
obviously belongs to the half of the mandible origin- 
ally discovered. This tooth corresponds exactly in 
| shape with the lower canine of an ape, and its worn 
face shows that it worked upon the upper canine in 
the true ape fashion. It only differs from the canine 
of Dr. Woodward’s published restoration in being 
slightly smaller, more pointed, and a little more up- 
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