OcToBER 9, 1913] 
probable extent of the field towards the west 
cannot be estimated. But the dip being low the 
shale would be within practicable reach for some 
distance inland. In the cliff section between 
Bearreraig and Upper Tote, that is north of the 
point just considered, the shale facies is replaced 
by a sandstone facies. 
THE ADDRESSES AT THE MEDICAL 
SCHOOLS. 
ap Be first of October is the opening day of the 
winter session of our medical schools; and 
in many of them it_is made the occasion of an 
address, given by some person of high authority. 
The addresses this year include a wide range of 
subjects. Mr. Handley, at the Middlesex Hos- 
pital, gave a very pleasant discourse on the “ rene- 
gades of medicine,” the men who have forsaken 
medicine for some other profession, not without 
advantage to themselves and us—Keats, Gold- 
smith, Bridges, Huxley, Livingstone, and many 
more. It is a new subject, and worth working 
out; but we are not sure that Mr. Handley got 
hold of the right end of the moral. Sir William 
Osler at St. George’s, Dr. Hunter at Charing 
Cross, and Prof. Sherrington at Leeds, spoke 
on certain problems of medical education. Sir 
John McFadyean, at the Royal Veterinary 
College, spoke on the working of the new Tubercu- 
losis Order of the Board of Agriculture. He 
stated that the number of milking or dairy herds 
in England and Scotland free from tuberculosis 
was practically negligible; and he urgently 
advised the owners of valuable pedigree herds, 
as a matter of their own profit, to eradicate the 
disease among their animals. He also advised 
that contagious abortion in cows, and Johnes’s 
disease, should be brought under the Contagious 
Diseases of Animals Act. 
Two of the October addresses this year are of 
especial interest—one, at the London School of 
Medicine for Women, by Sir Charles Lukis, 
Director-General of the Indian Medical Service; 
the other, at St. Mary’s, by Sir John Hewett, 
sometime Lieut.-Governor of the United Pro- 
vinces. These two addresses, by men of profound 
experience and unquestioned authority, should 
be read carefully by all who want to know what 
the medical profession is accomplishing, and what 
it hopes to accomplish, for the peoples of India. 
Sir Charles Lukis, speaking to women students, 
appealed to them for personal service. His 
appeal, full of wisdom and of sympathy, ought 
not to fail: for the work done in India by 
medical women is some of the very best work 
in the world. He spoke, especially, of the im- 
perative need of more teaching and more accept- 
ance of ordinary rules of sanitation, not only for 
the prevention of the spread of malaria, plague, 
and tuberculosis, but for the prevention of food- 
infection, and water-infection. It is our medical 
women who alone can get the women of India 
to help in this good work. “Ladies who have 
spent all their lives in England are apt to regard 
their Indian sisters as being very downtrodden 
NO. 2293, VOL. 92] 
NATURE 
| 
U7 
and oppressed. This is a grave mistake. Out 
of doors the man is lord of creation, but once he 
is inside the house he is absolutely controlled by 
his wife and mother in all matters concerning 
domestic economy and the family life. Indeed, 
I know of no country where the woman is more 
absolutely the mistress of the house than she is 
in India; and I am convinced that we shall never 
make any real headway in promoting the know- 
ledge of domestic and personal hygiene until we 
have convinced the women of India as to its 
necessity, and they have thrown their powerful 
influence into the scale. Here the medical man 
is useless—the purdah bars the way, and it is 
to the medical woman that we must look.” Sir 
Charles Lukis went on to speak of infant mortality 
in India, and of its relation to early marriage, 
and to the native methods of midwifery. Then 
he described fully the improved scheme for a 
women’s medical service for India, and the plan 
for a medical college for women to be established 
in Delhi. Every word of his address is worth 
reading. 
So is every word of Sir John Hewett’s address 
on the work of the medical profession in India. 
He spoke first of the improved health in the 
Army, and in the jail population. “The mortality 
among the wives of soldiers has been reduced to 
one-third of what it formerly was, and that among 
their children to one-half.” The death-rate among 
the native troops has come down from more than 
20 per thousand in 1871-1880 to less than 7 per 
thousand in 1911. The death-rate among the jail 
population has come down from 71 per thousand 
in 1831-1856 to 18 or 19 per thousand in 1911. 
Sir John Hewett then spoke, with strong feeling, 
of the errors of anti-vaccination and anti-vivi- 
section. Truly, in view of the facts of India, 
they are worse than errors. “It is surely calami- 
tous that the opponents of vaccination in England 
should have set themselves to make the people 
of India hostile to a process which has brought 
them so much benefit.” To the anti-vivisectionist, 
we commend Sir John Hewett’s statement of the 
results of the protective treatment against plague, 
typhoid, and hydrophobia in India. These results 
are not only a final verdict against anti-vivisec- 
tion; they are a magnificent record of the saving 
of the lives of men, women, and children. 
SCOTTISH ORNITHOLOGY IN_ 1912.1 
7 report supplies in an epitomised form 
the results of the activities of Scottish 
ornithologists during the past year. It is a com- 
prehensive and well-arranged booklet of ninety- 
six pages, and is both useful and important, since 
it affords much information hitherto unpublished, 
as well as a résumé of all that has appeared in 
serial literature during the period covered. A 
pleasing feature is to be found in the fact that 
these well-known lady ornithologists have them- 
selves contributed materially to the year’s opera- 
1 Report on Scottish Ornithology in 1912, including Migration. By 
Leonora Jeffrey Rintoul and Evelyn V. Baxter, hon. members of the British 
Ornithologists’ Union. (Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd; London: Gurney 
and Jackson. Price 1s 6d. net. 
