NoveMBER 6, 1913] 
presented, and an address on pressure rises will be 
given by Mr. W. Duddell, F.R.S., the president of 
the institution. In the list of papers to be read at 
meetings during the first half of the session we notice 
one by Mr. H. R. Speyer on the development of 
electric power for industrial purposes in India. The 
papers in preparation for the second half of the 
session are to deal largely with electric traction, and 
great prominence is to be given to the general question 
of the electrification of railways. The fifth Kelvin 
lecture is to be delivered by Sir Oliver Lodge on 
January 22, 1914. Much of the good work accom- 
plished by the institution is done by the local sections, 
which meet regularly. The local branches which have 
been inaugurated up to the present are the Birming- 
ham, Dublin, Manchester, Newcastle, Scottish, 
Western, and Yorkshire Sections. The Newcastle 
Section sometimes meets at Newcastle, and sometimes 
at Middlesbrough; the Scottish alternately at Glas- 
gow and Edinburgh; the Western alternately at Bris- 
tol and Cardiff, and the Yorkshire Section at Leeds. 
Tue Natal Sugar Growers’ Association has for some 
time past been in communcation with the Durban 
Technical Institute with the view of establishing a 
sugar school, the aim of which would be to prepare 
young men for the technical control and investigation 
of the manufacture of cane-sugar. The original 
scheme was to establish three lectureships—in chem- 
istry, bacteriology, and entomology respectively. 
These, together with the lectureships already in exist- 
ence, would supply a good technical training. The 
three specialists appointed would also conduct research 
in connection with the processes of manufacture and 
growth of cane-sugar. A wide field is open in this 
direction. There are problems in the sugar-house 
awaiting solution which are of great interest in them- 
selves, and the solution of which will be of prime 
importance to the sugar industry, as something like 
20 per cent. of the available sugar is at present lost. 
In this field it is hoped that the specialists will do 
pioneer work. Two lecturers—one in the chemistry 
‘and one in the bacteriology of cane-sugar—are soon 
‘to be appointed, the appointments in the first instance 
to be for three years at a salary of 4ool. per annum 
in each case. Applications should be sent to Mr. 
B. M.. Narbeth, principal of the Durban Technical 
‘{nstitute, Durban, Natal. 
GustaF Isak KottHorr, who died on October 26, 
in his sixty-eighth year, had considerable reputation 
as a scientific hunter and as a pioneer in the realistic 
methods of exhibiting natural groups of animals in 
Museums. His chief monument is the large cyclo- 
rama at Stockholm, known as the Biological Museum, 
‘in which, with the assistance of the Swedish artist, 
Bruno Liljefors, he has presented the Swedish verte- 
brate fauna under the successive conditions of spring, 
Summer, autumn, and winter. A small, but perhaps 
more genuinely instructive example of his work in 
‘this direction is the Biological Museum at the Univer- 
sity of Upsala, in which University he was appointed 
zoological curator so long ago as 1878. In addition 
to these and to the museum which, about 1865, he 
created in the boys’ school at Skara, near his own 
NO. 2297, VOL. 92] 
NATURE 
299 
home, Kolthoff was responsible for the installation of 
six other collections of Swedish mammals and birds 
in various places in Sweden. He was without scien- 
tific training of the academic kind, ‘and picked up the 
technique of his profession while still a youth in the 
workshops of the State Zoological Museum, By his 
own study, however, he became a skilled practical 
ornithologist and entomologist, and in ‘that capacity 
accompanied Baron A. E. Nordenskjéld’s expeditions 
to Greenland in 1883 and 1887. He also joined Prof. 
A. G. Nathorst on his voyages to Beeren Isiand, Spits- 
bergen, and King Karl’s Land. In 1890 he himself 
led an expedition to Spitsbergen and north-east Green- 
land. In addition to many popular accounts of ‘his 
travels, he was responsible, together with Dr. L. 
Jagerskiéld, for a work entitled ‘‘ Birds of the North,” 
which appeared during the years 1895 to 1899. In 
1907, at the Linnean festival, he received from the 
University of Upsala the honorary degree of doctor 
of philosophy. 
In the Transactions of the Hull Scientific Field 
Naturalists’ Club (vol. iv., Part 5), Mr. T. Sheppard 
describes the excavation of an Anglo-Saxon cemetery 
at Hornsea, the objects obtained having been de- 
posited in the Hull Museum. Some of the corpses © 
were buried in the crouched position, which seems to 
be a not unusual feature in Anglo-Saxon interments 
in east Yorkshire. Among the ‘‘finds"” is a series 
of bronze brooches, similar to examples found in 
Norway, with very naturalistic representations of 
horse heads. A bell formed of very thin metal is, 
from comparison with an example from Papcastle, 
Cumberland, now in the British Museum, assigned 
to the Roman period. The ‘food vases" found are 
interesting because they are unlike the typical Anglo- 
Saxon cinerary urns, being quite plain, without any 
trace of ornamentation, and very similar to ordinary 
domestic utensils. They evidently contained food 
when placed with the burials. 
In the October number of Science Progress 
Mr. A. G. Thacker contributes. an __ interest- 
ing article on the significance of the Piltdown 
discovery. The era of Homo sapiens, he states, 
should include the Aurignacian epoch and_ all 
that comes after; before that epoch we are among 
kindred but unfamiliar creatures. He suggests, 
therefore, that the Aurignacian and three subsequent 
ages should be classed as Deutolithic, and the pre- 
vious epochs grouped as Protolithic. A discussion 
follows of the possible relationships of Pithecanthropus 
erectus, the Java ape-man; Homo heidelbergensis, 
the Heidelberg man; Eoanthropus dawsoni, the Pilt- 
down woman; Homo neandertalensis or Homo primi- 
genius, the Neanderthal man of Acheulian and Mous- 
terian times; and Homo sapiens, garrulous man. 
“The power of speech was a crying need of the 
advancing primates . . . it was language that trans- 
formed the horde into the tribe. The creatures were 
probably widely dispersed on the earth, whilst they 
were yet speechless ... rudimentary powers of 
speech may thus have been acquired independently 
by more than one species; and this, not blood-relation- 
ship, may have been the explanation of the man-like 
