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FEBRUARY 12, 1914] 
NATURE 
663 
But besides the general objection to this limita- 
tion, which-has already been mentioned, the Dal- 
matian coast can show fiords as characteristic as 
those of Norway, though glaciers can never have 
been more than unimportant features on even the 
highest of the Dinaric Alps (Fig. 2). A glacier 
which continues to descend. a main valley after 
those in the lateral glens have shrunk and ceased 
to be tributaries, may have converted the latter 
into hanging valleys; its ice-stream may have 
replaced the rugged ends of spurs by smooth 
facets, but a river also, in similar circum- 
stances, can produce the one and the other, and, 
in many cases, as Prof. Gregory shows, it can be 
proved that the valleys occupied by fiords are | 
pre-glacial. 5 
But, as he proceeds to point out, the larger 
: 
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| nee fies 
{ Cad 5 4 
in the Geological Magazine for 1905, where the 
surface is comparatively “raw”; for the “leading 
lines ” in such an example as the Jordan valley can 
only be discovered by close study of the geology. 
In such cases the older name, trough-fault valley, 
seems preferable. Apart, however, from this 
question of nomenclature, Prof. Gregory supports 
his view, both against ice-excavation and in favour 
of earth movements, as the primary cause of 
fiords, with arguments which will be very difficult 
to overthrow. But we must conclude, and do this. 
by expressing our hearty thanks to him for this 
admirable history of fiords and other forms of inlets 
of. the sea. It will be a great boon to students, 
for it is a veritable encyclopedia, full of important 
facts, the collection of which must have entailed 
| long and patient labour, because they are scattered 
Fic. 2.—Cattaro Bay, the inner Branch of the Cattaro Fiord. The spurs on the fault-block on the left side of the view show triangular 
facets due to faulting. 
Nature and Origin of Fiords. 
features of fiords—the straight channels ter- 
minated by a sharp twist, the high angles made 
by tributary valleys, indicate a close connection 
with the greater earth movements which have 
determined the main physical features of the 
region. A set of diagrams brings out clearly the 
frequent relation between the fiords, the lakes, the 
mountain ranges, and the shore lines in different 
regions, showing that the first and second very 
frequently follow the course of important faults. 
This seems indubitable, but we must remember 
that the work of the latter, though indispensable 
as a preliminary, has had an indirect, rather than 
a direct, effect in producing the present scenery. 
In regard to this a too frequent use of the term 
“rift: valleys ’’ may sometimes mislead : for a rift 
means a lateral rather than a vertical displace- 
ment, and should only be applied, as I pointed out 
NO. 2311, VOL. 92] 
The precipitous slope above Cattaro, on the right margin of the view, is a fault-scarp, From “ Phe 
about many publications in sundry languages, and 
| often not readily accessible. 
T. G. BONNEY. 
EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION IN 
NEW SOUTH WALES. 
es economic, social, and educational problems 
which present themselves for solution in 
the free atmosphere of our more prosperous 
colonies, unhampered by tradition and conventions, 
and with their fresher outlook, often present 
features in the attempt-to solve them well worthy 
| the attention and possibly the emulation of those 
engaged upon similar questions at home. 
We are on the eve of great educational changes, 
if we are to trust the somewhat vague utterances 
of the Lord Chancellor and-of the Minister for 
