700 
list of publications dealing with smoke, its cause, 
effects, and prevention. In looking through the biblio- 
graphy, we are struck by the extent and varied sources 
of the literature, a fact which clearly indicates that 
the smoke nuisance has no mere ‘local habitation,’ 
but possesses a widespread interest. English, 
American, German, and French volumes predominate, 
and if we were to estimate the extent of the nuisance 
in these countries by the number of publications 
England would stand easily first. Still, it is some 
consolation to think that we do not suffer alone. The 
question then arises, how long will the present state 
of apathy on the part of the public authority continue, 
and when will the limit to public endurance be 
reached? It is true that we have the smoke clauses of 
the Factory Acts; but a perusal of these will imme- 
diately dispel any faith in their efficacy. We have also 
local bylaws ; but experience will teach the most casual 
observer that in most industrial centres atmospheric 
purification has undergone little change. Indeed, in 
some of the most notoriously bad localities average 
convictions do not exceed one a year. There is, we 
believe, a Bill to be introduced into the House of 
Commons, and promoted by a large and influential 
body of citizens connected with various industrial 
centres, which, it is hoped, will find its way to the 
statute-book. In the meantime, there is no question 
that demands more immediate and drastic treatment 
than the smoke problem owing to its effects on the 
health, cleanliness, and general comfort of the com- 
munity. 
ANTARCTIC PROBLEMS4 
The Problem of the Antarctic Andes and the 
Antarctic Horst. 
A® the Weddell Sea will be the objective this year 
of no fewer than three Antarctic expeditions, 
some of its features as bearing on the above problem 
may be discussed first. 
The continuity of Coat’s Land, discovered by Dr. 
W. S. Bruce in the Scotia in 1904, with Prince Regent 
Luitpold Land, discovered by Dr. Filchner in the . 
Deutschland in 1912, has still to be traced. Filchner 
sighted three Nunataks of dark rock rising from the 
inland ice to the south of ‘‘ Vahsel Bucht,”’ thereby 
proving indisputably the existence of land under the 
inland ice. The inland ice there rose gently from its 
shore cliff of from 25 ft. to 65 ft. high, up to more 
than 3000 ft. at a distance from the shore of about 
thirty. miles. Of far greater importance is the trac- 
ing inland of the unknown coast to the south of Luit- 
pold Land. 
This is one of the greatest of the geographical 
problems which the Shackleton Expedition should 
solve. Amundsen,-on his journey to the south pole 
in 1911, proved that the south-easterly trend of the 
Queen Alexandra Range, discovered by Shackleton at 
the Beardmore Glacier, is not maintained in the Queen 
Maud Ranges, but that the latter ranges bend to the 
right as one follows a great circle from the Beard- 
more Glacier to Graham Land. So far, this favours 
the theory of Penck that Antarctica is divided into a 
West and East Antarctica respectively, by a strait con- 
necting the Ross Sea with the Weddell Sea, for the 
trend of the Queen Maud Ranges, if continued farther 
north in the western hemisphere, would carry it to 
Luitpold Land. 
There can be little doubt that this Queen Maud 
Range is bounded by heavy fractures, of the order of 
several thousands of feet, for geological reasons which 
will be stated presently; and that these trend lines 
1 Summary of a paper read before the Royal Geographical Society on 
February o by Prof. Edgeworth David, C.M.G., F.R.S. 
NO. 2312, VOL. 92| 
NATURE 
[FEBRUARY 19, 1914 
are, perhaps, as strongly pronounced as are any in 
the world. If, therefore, the ranges, to which they 
give origin, extend towards Luitpold Land, they are 
certain to be strongly marked, and should be capable 
of accurate delineation by the Transantarctic party of 
the new expedition. If, on the other hand, as seems 
more probable, the Queen Maud Ranges, when traced 
into the Weddell Quadrant, bend back towards 
Graham Land, and become continuous with Charcot 
Land and King Oscar II. Land, then Shackleton’s 
other party, operating from his main base at the head 
of Weddell Sea, should be able to solve this all-impor- 
tant problem. With its length already proved of no 
fewer than 1400 miles, and its height of from 8000 
to 15,000 ft, its stupendous fracture lines, involving 
displacements of 5000 to 6000 ft., and its profound 
influence on the meteorological conditions of Ant- 
arctica, and probably of the southern hemisphere, it is 
not the least important of the mountain ranges of the 
world, and certainly yields to none in its geological 
interest and the extreme difficulty of the problems 
which it presents. 
At the Graham Land end of Antarctica, Arctowski, 
Nordenskjéld, Gunnar Andersson, Charcot, and Gour- 
don have proved that petrographically and tectonically 
the rocks are distinctly Andean. Granodiorites, and 
Andesitic rocks, in which zoned soda-lime felspars are 
characteristic, are there predominant. Boulders of 
gneissic rocks present in Tertiary strata at Seymour 
Island suggest a pre-Cambrian foundation complex 
at no great distance. Recently Dr. W. T. Gordon 
has_ identified well-preserved Archzocyathine in a 
large block of limestone dredged up by Dr. W. S. 
Bruce in the Scotia, from lat. 62° 10’ S., long. 41° 20’ 
W., from a depth of 1775 fathoms, near the South 
Orkney Islands, and specimens of Pleurograptus 
ceratiocaris and discinocaris, previously described by 
Pirie, from the collections by Bruce in the South 
Orkneys, proves the existence there of Ordovician 
rocks. The sedimentary rocks are largely formed of 
Jurassic plant-bearing strata, with one of the richest 
known fossil floras of that age in the southern hemi- 
sphere. In the west and central parts of Graham 
Land these have been strongly folded, and mostly 
overfolded to the east, as has been the case with the 
greater part of the formations developed in the South 
American Andes. Farther east in James Ross Island, 
Snow Hill, and Seymour Islands, &c., there is a gently 
inclined series of marine Cretaceous rocks, followed 
by Middle Tertiary rocks (Upper Oligocene to Older 
Miocene) with fossil leaves of Fagus, Araucaria, &c., 
a geological structure recalling that of East Patagonia 
and southern Argentina, as compared with the folded 
highlands of west Patagonia and southern Chile. 
Then the zone of active or dormant voleanoes, which 
intermittently characterises the Andean Chain, is met 
with on both sides of Graham Land, in Bridgman, 
Paulet, and Deception Islands, on the west, and in 
Lindenberg, Christensen, Sarsee, and the Seal Island 
volcanoes on the east side. If now a comparison of 
the broad structural features of West Antarctica be 
made with those of East Antarctica in the Ross region 
it will be noticed that a great volcanic zone stretches 
along the western shore of Ross Sea from at least so 
far south as Mounts Erebus, Morning, and Discovery, 
to so far north as Cape Adare. This main volcanic 
zone of the Ross Sea region is crossed by lesser zones 
trending more or less east and west, like the Mounts 
Terror, Terra Nova, Erebus, and Dry Valley zone, 
the zone of the Balleny Islands, &c. If, however, 
this Ross Sea volcanic zone with the adjacent moun- 
tains be compared with the ranges and volcanic zones 
of West Antarctica, the fact at once becomes obvious 
that the ranges of the Ross area are entirely devoid of 
folding, and are of a block-faulted plateau type, 
