ii 4 



NATURE 



{May 29, 1884 



maintenance of secondary and technical (including agricultural) 

 schools and colleges. 



V. Public libraries and museums : 



_ (a) That ratepayers have power, by vote, to sanction the 

 increase of the expenditure, under the Public Libraries Acts, 

 beyond its present limit, and that the restriction of the Acts to 

 localities having 5,000 inhabitants and upwards be repealed. 



(b) That museums of art and science and technological 

 collections be opened to the public on Sundays. 



VI. Special recommendations in regard to Ireland : 



(;) That steps be taken at the earliest possible moment for the 

 gradual introduction of compulsory attendance at elementary 

 schools in Ireland. 



{b) That payments be made by the National Board, under 

 proper regulations, on the results of the teaching of home in- 

 dustries to children, young persons, and adults ; as well as in aid 

 of the salaries of industrial teachers. 



(c) That systematic instruction be given to primary school 

 teachers, qualifying them to teach the use of tools for working in 

 wood and iron, in the primary schools. 



(d) That steps be taken by the Commissioners of National 

 Education in Ireland for the provision of books calculate! to 

 assist the teachers of primary schools in giving graduated lessons 

 in rudimentary science. 



__W That grants-in-aid be sanctioned by the Treasury to 

 approved agricultural schools, and to approved schools for in- 

 struction in local industries. 



1 (/) That practical evening science classes for artisans form 

 part of the instruction in the Royal College of Science, of Ireland, 

 in Dublin. 



(g) That the Board of Intermediate Education take steps to 

 insure the provision of adequate means for the practical teaching 

 of science in the schools under their direction. 



In addition to the preceding recommendations which necessi- 

 tate action on the part of the Legislature or of the public 

 authorities, or of both, your Commissioners make the following 

 recommendations, requiring no such action, by way of sugges- 

 tions for the consideration of those in whose power it is to 

 comply with them : — 



I. 1 hat it be made a condition by employers of young persons, 

 and by the trade organisations, in the case of industries for which 

 an acquaintance with science or art is desirable, that such 

 young persons requiring it receive instruction therein either in 

 schools attached to works or groups of works, or in such classes 

 as may be available, the employers and trade organisations in 

 the latter case contributing to the maintenance of such classes. 



II. That the managers and promoters of science and technical 

 classes should (a) so arrange the emoluments of teachers as to 

 encourage them to retain their students for the advanced stages 

 of subjects in which they have passed the elementary stage, and 

 {/>) that they should endeavour to group the teaching of cognate 

 science subjects, as recommended by the Royal Commission on 

 the Advancement of Science, and as provided for by the regula- 

 tions of the Science and Art Department. 



III. That scholarships be more liberally founded, especially 

 for pupils of higher elementary schools, enabling them to pro- 

 ceed to higher technical schools and colleges. 



IV. That the great national agricultural societies give aid to 

 the establishment in counties of secondary schools or classes for 

 teaching agriculture. 



V. That those responsible for the management of primary 

 schools in Ireland, in the districts where farming is defective, 

 attach small example farms to such schools wherever it is 

 possible ; and that Boards of Guardians employ the plots of 

 land attached to workhouses for the agricultural instruction of 

 the children therein. 



VI. That the subscriptions given by the liberality of the City 

 of London and of the different Guilds, to the City and Guilds 

 Institute, be made adequate to the fulfilment of the work which 

 that Institute has undertaken, including the equipment and main- 

 tenance of its Central Institution. 



In closing our Report we think it right to recall the fact that 

 the first impulse to an inquiry into the subject of technical in- 

 struction was given by the important letter of Dr., now Sir Lyon, 

 Playfair, K.C.B., of May 15, 1867, to the Chairman of the 

 Schools' Inquiry Commission, in which he called attention to 

 the great progress in engineering and manufactures abroad, 

 shown at the Paris Exhibition of that year. In the course of our 

 inquiry we have received much guidance from the letter on the 

 subject by Mr. B. Samuelson, MP., to the Vice-President of 



the Committee of Council on Education, dated November 16, 

 1S67 ; from the Report of the Select Committee of the House of 

 Commons on Scientific Instruction, 1868 ; the Report of the Royal 

 Commission on the same subject; the papers by Mr. H. M. 

 Felkin on Chemnitz, by Messrs. McLaren and Beaumont, and 

 various other publications. 



We desire also to express our thanks to the public authorities, 

 to the owners and managers of industrial works, and to the 

 numerous other persons, both at home and abroad, to whom we 

 had occasion to apply for information, for the frank and courteous 

 manner in which it was given to us ; and also to acknowledge 

 the prompt and valuable assistance which we received from the 

 members of our Diplomatic and Consular services in the prosecu- 

 tion of our inquiry. All of which we humbly beg leave to 

 submit for Your Majesty's gracious consideration. 



(Signed) B. Samuelson 



H. E. Roscoe 

 Philip Magnus 

 John Slagg 

 Swire Smith 

 Gilbert R. Redgi; n 1 , Win. Woodall 



Secretary, 



April 4, 1SS4 



ON THE NOMENCLATURE, ORIGIN, AND DIS- 

 TRIBUTION OE DEEP-SEA DEPOSITS l 

 II. 



Globigerina Ooze. — We designate by this name all those truly 

 pelagic deposits containing over 40 per cent, of carbonate of 

 lime, which consists principally of the dead shells of pelagic 

 Foraminifera — Globigerina, Orintlina, Pulvinulina, Pullenia, 

 Spharoidina, &c. In some localities this deposit contains 95 per 

 cent, of carbonate of lime. The colour is milky white, yellow, 

 brown, or rose, the varieties of colour depending principally on 

 the relative abundance in the deposit of the oxides of iron and 

 manganese. This ooze is fine grained ; in the tropics some of 

 the Foraminifera shells are macroscopic. When dried it is 

 pulverulent. Analyses show that the sediment contains, in addi- 

 tion to carbonate of lime, phosphate and sulphate of lime, carbo- 

 nate of magnesia, oxides of iron and manganese, and argillaceous 

 matters. The residue is of a reddish brown tinge. Lapilli, 

 pumice, and glassy fragments, often altered into palagonite, 

 seem always to be present, and are frequently very abundant. 

 The mineral particles are generally angular, and rarely exceed 

 O'oS mm. in diameter ; monoclinic and triclinic feldspars, augite, 

 olivine, hornblende, and magnetite are the most frequent. When 

 quartz is present, it is in the form of minute, rounded, probably 

 wind-borne grains, often partially covered with oxide of iron. 

 More rarely we have white and black mica, bronzite, actinolite, 

 chromite, glauconite, and cosmic dust. Silliceous organisms are 

 probably never absent, sometimes forming 20 per cent, of the 

 deposit, at other times only recognisable after careful micro- 

 scopic examination. In some regions the frustules of Diatoms 

 predominate, in others the skeletons of Radiolarians. 



Theji'te washings, viewed with the microscope, are not homo- 

 geneous. The greater part consists of argillaceous matter 

 coloured by the oxides of iron and manganese. Mixed with 

 this, we distinguish fragments of minerals with a diameter less 

 than o'o5 mm., and minute particles of pumice can nearly 

 always be detected. Fragments of Radiolarians, Diatoms, and 

 siliceous spicules can always be recognised, and are sometimes 

 very abundant. 



Pteropod Ooze. — This deposit differs in no way from a Globi- 

 gerina ooze except in the presence of a greater number and 

 variety of pelagic organisms, and especially in the presence of 

 Pteropod and Het-ropod shells, such as Diacria, Atlanta, 

 Styliola, Carinaria, &c. The shells of the more delicate species 

 of pelagic Foraminifera and young shells are also more abundant 

 in these deposits than in a Globigerina ooze. It must be remem- 

 bered that the name " Pteropod ooze " is not intended to indicate 

 that the deposit is chiefly composed of the shells of these mollusks, 

 but, as their presence in a deposit is characteristic and has an 

 important bearing on geographical and bathymetrical distribu- 

 tion, we think it desirable to emphasise the presence of these 

 shells in any great abundance. It may here be pointed out that 

 there is a very considerable difference between a Globigerina 



1 A Paper read before the Royal Society of Edinburgh by John Murray 

 and A. Renard. Communicated by John Murray. Continued from p. 88. 



