17 
SUBCLASS I. 
MONOCOTYLEDONES. 
Leaves usually parallel-veined, mostly alternate. Flowers mostly 
3-merous or 6-merous; the bundles of wood-cells irregularly imbedded 
in the stem. 
A. Perianth coloured, petaloid. 
a. Flowers regular. 
Adm tamen Su Os OVvaryaStperiOl cists tices wend iis: fo XII. LILIACEAE. 
nbwestamens. 3-1 Ovarysinterion sc. isco) ise! aye) silks XIII. IRIDACEAE. 
b. Flowers irregular, monosymmetrical. Ovary superior. XIV. ORCHIDACEAE. 
B. Perianth of scales or bristles or wanting, not petaloid. 
a. Marsh or aquatic plants; perianth greenish or wanting, fruit drupe-like 
or nut-like, endosperm none. 
aa. Marsh plants, perianth-segments 3—6, stamens 3—6, fruit of 3—6 
(CAVA OAK, (5 aie 6. po oo, 0 cho gO 8-0 Ooo olG,6 oO E X. JUNCAGINACEAE. 
bb. Aquatic plants, perianth of 4 segments or wanting, stamens 1 or 4, fruit 
drupe-like of 1 or 4 carpels ....... IX. POTAMOGETONACEAE. 
b. Marsh plants, perianth bristles or scales; flowers crowded in globose 
monoecious heads; ovary mostly unilocular; fruit drupe-like, endosperm 
COPLOUS| cease pelea its oe aches On SOLO Oe) Gl fol oy VIII. SPARGANIACEAE. 
ec. Perianth glumaceous (or wanting); Stamens 3—6; fruit capsule or nut; 
endosperm copious. 
aa. Perianth-segments 6; stamens 3—6; fruit capsule. . XI. JUNCACEAE., 
bb. Flowers in the axil of bracts, arranged in spikelets; perianth composed 
of bristles or scales or wanting; fruit nut-like (caryopsis, achene). 
a. Stem solid without nodes; leaves sheathing; the sheaths usually 
closed; flowers perfect or imperfect, without upper pale (palea); pe- 
rianth of bristles or scales or wanting; fruit called achene. 
XV. CYPERACEAE. 
8. Stem hollow with solid nodes; leaves sheathing; the sheaths 
usually split to the base; flowers mostly perfect (sometimes sta- 
minate, monoecious or dioecious); upper pale (palea) 2-keeled; 
perianth consisting of 1—3 minute scales (lodiculae); fruit called 
CAMO Se iG outiaclo o.¢ 6b 4G coco 6.6.0! 0% XVI. GRAMINEAE. 
Order VIII. SPARGANIACEAE Agardh. (By C. H. OsTENFELD). 
The order consists only of the genus: 
SPARGANIUM L. 
1. Fruit with short beak; female heads not free from the leaf-angles . . S. minimum. 
2. Fruit without beak; female heads free from the leaf-angles . . . S. submuticum. 
3. Fruit with long beak; female heads free from the leaf-angles..... . S. affine. 
34. S$. minimum Fries. 
Roseny. Till. p. 709; Fl. D. t. 260. 
Leaves long, 4—5 mm. broad, floating, thin and flat; male head 
1 (seldom 2); female heads 1—3, sessile in the angles of the sheaths; 
Flora Arctica. 9 
