260 DR. E. CRISP ON THE [Mar. 14, 
base to the apex. The parietes of the left ventricle are 13 inch in 
thickness, and the septum measures the same. The parietes of the 
right ventricle are 8 lines in thickness. The tricuspid valve is 
formed by the expansion of ten tendinous slips, which proceed from 
two elevations (cornez columne) of the right ventricle. There is no 
heart-bone, as in many of the ruminants; and the apex of the heart 
is less pointed than in the Antelopes and Cervide. ; 
The lungs present the most remarkable specimen of disease that I 
have met with in these organs. They both have a whitish nodu- 
lated appearance, and contain scarcely a square inch of healthy 
structure, the general mass being made up of hard tubercles con- 
taining a large proportion of earthy matter. The lungs are about 
of equal size, and the right (the only one I put into the scale) weighed 
203 lbs., a great proportion of this being made up of carbonate of 
lime. The bronchial glands are much enlarged, and are composed 
of a larger proportion of earthy matter than the lungs. ‘This dis- 
position to the formation of earthy matter in the lungs is very com- 
mon in the ruminants. I have met with it to a great extent in 
the Leucoryx and in other Antelopes; and in the common sheep 
the Echinococcus-cysts are often converted intu chalky and ossifie 
material. As this Society is both zoological and physiological, let 
me digress for a moment to point out the beautiful law of com- 
pensation that exists in all animal bodies, so that when one organ is 
impaired, or, as in this instance, almost destroyed, one or more parts 
take on a compensatory action. In this case the blood was aérated 
by the lining membrane of the trachea and by that of the larger 
bronchial tubes, the process of depuration being performed chiefly 
by the liver (which was normal in structure) and by the intestinal 
glands. I have seen numerous examples of this in the Quadrumana 
and in other orders. The normal structure of the lungs may be 
almost entirely destroyed by disease, and the animal may linger on 
for a long period; but when both lungs and liver are seriously af- 
fected, lite is soon terminated. There is one practical and useful 
’ fact that I have alluded to in a former paper, in connexion with 
tubercle in the lower animals, viz. that it is much more prevalent 
in the vegetable feeders. 
Mr. Gilchrist, in his essay on the ‘ Diseases of the Camel’ (India, 
1846), does not mention the presence of tubercle in the lungs or in 
other parts, this lesion being probably the result, as in other animals, 
of close confinement, and often, in travelling menageries, of a vi- 
tiated atmosphere. 
The liver weighs 234]lbs. It consists mainly of one lobe, with 
two slight divisions. ‘The under surface is curiously formed into 
several thin flaps, which pass in a horizontal direction. No gall- 
bladder is present, and, with the exception of three tubercles, the 
viscus is in a normal state. 
The spleen weighs 25 ozs., and is of the usual fan-like shape that 
it assumes in most of the ruminants. The splenic vein contains five 
pairs of valves; these are also present in the gastric and abdominal 
veins. 
