1865.] ANATOMY OF THE BACTRIAN CAMEL. 261 
The pancreas is of the usual branched form that is found in the 
ruminants ; it weighs only about 10 0zs.—a very small organ for an 
animal with such a large and complicated stomach. 
The kidney weighs 2 lbs. | oz., and is of the usual form of this 
organ in the ruminants ; the renal bodies, as is the case in all the 
ruminants that I have dissected, are not in contact with the kidneys. 
The mamillary processes are unusually long (3 inches). The pelves 
of the kidneys are filled with solid, hard, white fat, and from this 
finger-like masses proceed between the cones. I have on a former 
occasion mentioned a remarkable local accumulation of hard fat 
around the heart of an old and emaciated Eland (Oreas canna) of a 
similar character. Both renal bodies were much diseased—a very 
unusual occurrence in the lower animals. The left renal vein con- 
tains five pairs of valves, the right vein only two pairs. 
I had not an opportunity of examining the generative organs. 
I now come to the most interesting part of the inquiry, viz. the 
form, capacity, and anatomical relations of the alimentary canal. I 
scarcely need say that a minute description of the stomach alone 
would occupy many pages, and the time would not be ill spent ; but 
there are few who would care to hear the details. I have inverted 
the stomach ; and the drawing, of the natural size, before the Society 
represents it in this position. The rumen, instead of being covered 
with villi, as in all ruminants (except in the other Camelide), has a 
smooth surface lined with pavement-epithelium. In this cavity are 
two sets of water-cells, the one consisting of about ninety-four, and 
entirely distinct, the other composed of about seventy-eight cells, 
and connected with the second stomach—that which would cor- 
respond to the reticulum (honeycomb) in ordinary ruminants. From 
the cesophagus proceeds to the second stomach (reticulum or true 
water-bag of some authors), an elevated ridge of the mucous and 
muscular coats, which conducts the food to the last-named cavity, 
but does not enclose it, as is supposed to be the case with the 
double ridge in other ruminants. The second stomach, or water-bag, is 
composed almost entirely of cells, but of less capacity than those 
before named, although the subdivisions are more numerous; these 
amount in all to about 380. The large cells in the rumen will con- 
tain about two or three ounces of water; but, if all were filled, the 
capacity of each would be much diminished. I found no traces of 
food in any of these cells, but a large quantity of small pieces of 
coal, an old nail, and bits of glass, the weight of all amounting to 
about 24 ozs. This animal, like many in a diseased state, had probably 
a depraved appetite, and hence the presence of these extraneous 
bodies. Ellis, the keeper of the gardens, tells me, however, that 
these animals, at certain times, are very ‘nasty feeders,” and will eat 
almost anything. The next stomach, which has been called the 
third, corresponds to the maniples ; but, as will be seen when the 
dimensions are given, it is comparatively much larger, and the large 
mucous folds present in other ruminants are scarcely perceptible. 
The fourth cavity (or digestive stomach of other ruminants) is small, 
but extremely vascular and elevated into ridges, like the digestive 
