488 MR. F. MOORE ON DIURNAL LEPIDOPTERA [June 13, 
streams in the hills. On these occasions, if disturbed, they disperse, 
only to collect in groups again. N.W. Himalayas ; elevation 4000 
to 7000 feet. 
11. PARNASSIUS JACQUEMONTI, Boisd. Spéc. Gén. Lép. p. 400; 
Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv. t. 2. f. 3,4; Gray, Catal. Lep. Brit. Mus. 
pt. l. pl. VA, tf. 1s 2: 
Replaces P. hardwickii on the high passes of Upper Kunawur, 
Spiti, and Tibet. I first saw it on the “ Kongma”’ pass, leading 
from Kunawur into the Chinese province of Gughe in Tibet, at an 
altitude of 18,000 feet. This pass is 16,000 feet; but I ascended 
up its flank another 2000 to enjoy the far view over the distant Ti- 
betan ranges, brown and treeless, closed to European foot, and back- 
ward among the sharp icy pimacles of our own more familiar Hima- 
layan ranges: and here I saw this Parnassius coursing rapidly up 
and down the frozen snow-beds, where beaches, as it were, of boul- 
ders and stones cropped out. What could tempt Parnassius there 
I know not, for I saw not a Sedum, nor a Saxifrage, nor any other 
vegetation. I met this Parnassius again at high elevations in simi- 
lar regions along the confines of Kunawur and Tibet. It does not 
occur, apparently, with the next. 
12. Parnasstus HARDWICKII, Gray, Lep. Ins. Nepal, pl. 4. 
f. 1, la; Catal. Lep. Brit. Mus. Pap. pt. 1. pl. 12. f. 8-11. 
Commences at the Runang Pass, becoming commoner as we travel 
south and west towards Lower Kunawur and Simla, not extending 
nearer the plains than Simla, however. It is tolerably abundant on 
the Mahisoo ridge, near Simla, on bare grassy hill-tops, just clear of 
oak-woods: grassy open downs it certainly affects, and at a high 
elevation—8000 feet. Has a slow. flight, somewhat like that of 
Pieris, although it has a strong as well as slow flight. It flies low 
over the turf and rocks which crop up amidst the grass. There ap- 
pear to be two broods, early spring and late autumn. The red and 
blue spots vary much in different specimens, being quite obsolete in 
some. I have seen it in December and February, on bright days 
succeeding weeks of snow-storms. 
13. PaRNAssIvs, sp.? 
This is a more handsome and rarer species. I caught it on but 
two passes, the “ Runang”’ and ‘ Hungrung,”’—at the former in 
company with P. hardwickii, and at the latter with Ponéza nina, thus 
apparently occupying the debateable ground between the two, and 
linking them together. Isaw many more than I caught, for, as may 
be imagined, rapid pursuit, now up a steep hill-side, now down, and 
then up again, at 14,000 to 15,000 feet altitude above the sea, is trying 
to the best of lungs. This species has a peculiar flight, swimming 
very fast and close to the ground im a zigzag course, as if beating 
- the ground like a hen harrier beating a meadow. 
