1865.] AXIAL SKELETON IN THE PRIMATES. 565 
transverse process of each caudal vertebra of a long-tailed Primate as 
answering to the ordinary transverse process of the lumbar vertebra, 
and the posterior transverse process of such a vertebra as answering 
to, and consisting of, a modified anapophysis. 
A more or less distinctly marked process is often developed from 
the anterior part of the transverse process of the anterior caudal ver- 
tebree—from those, in fact, or some of them, in which the bifurcation 
ae we meet with as we proceed backwards has not yet taken 
place. 
Fig. 3. 
Four caudal vertebrxx of Azeles, from the Museum of the Royal College of Sur- 
geons (no. 4698). Nat. size. ¢. “ Tubercles analagous to metapophyses.” 
These are spoken of by Professor Owen* as “tubercles analogous 
to metapophyses, and representing a second series of those pro- 
cesses,” and are very well seen in the caudal vertebrae of Ateles pa- 
niscus, preparation no. 4698 in the Museum of the Royal College of 
Surgeons (fig. 3). 
The lumbar true transverse process, as we have seen, sometimes 
bifurcates more or less at its distal end; and this tendency to division 
of that part of the caudal transverse process which answers to such 
true lumbar transverse process is, perhaps, a similar bifurcation. _ 
In Man and the Simiine the whole caudal transverse process is 
very obscurely represented, and is in a very rudimentary condition. 
In Inuus (fig. 10) it is strongly and largely developed, yet shows 
no tendency to divide into an anterior and a posterior portion; 
neither does it do so in the short-tailed Cynocephali or in Macacus 
nemestrinus. In all the long-tailed Simiad@, however, the trans- 
verse process (which, as has been said, is at first simple) is given off 
from about the middle of the first two vertebre ; but in those behind, 
which have the transverse process still undivided, it arises from 
nearer the posterior end of each vertebra. An indication of the 
division into anterior and posterior caudal transverse processes ap- 
pears in the transverse process of the fourth or fifth vertebra, and 
about the sixth the division is complete, the two parts, which may 
perhaps be spoken of as the true transverse and the anapophysial 
caudal processes, being about equal in size. 
In the Cedide this separation and equality is not so early attained, 
taking place in Cebus at about the seventh caudal vertebra, but in 
Ateles not till the ninth. 
In most long-tailed forms the transverse processes of the first 
* Osteological Catalogue, vol. ii. p. 730. 
