570 MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART ON THE [June 27, 
In the greater number of vertebre in all species, and in all the 
vertebrze of the greater number of species, the spmous processes are 
simple, ending sometimes sharply, sometimes with a blunt termina- 
tion. In certain vertebree, however, there are two more or less dis- 
tinct processes (when the spinous process is said to bifurcate) ; more 
rarely (fig. 1) there are three such projections (when the spinous 
process is spoken of as trifid). 
The first condition is very often seen in the axis vertebra, espe- 
cially in Man, Simia, Hylobates, Ateles, Hapale, and the Nyctice- 
bing. It is rarely found in the third cervical vertebra; it is so in 
European Man and Nyeticebus, and in the fourth and fifth cervical 
vertebree of European Man. An imperfect bifurcation also exists 
sometimes in the most posterior dorsal or in some of the lumbar 
vertebrze, as occasionally in Man and in Troglodytes. 
The second condition, or trifid spinous process, exists in the axis 
and in one or more of the succeeding cervical vertebrae of Mycetes 
(fig. 1); also to a greater or less extent in the axis of the Chimpanzee. 
The peculiar processes which have been mentioned as existing in 
the lumbar vertebrze of Galago (fig. 8, h), Lagothria (fig. 11, h), and 
Mycetes (fig. 2, h) appear to be serially homologous with the two 
lateral portions of the trifid spinous process. 
NeEevurRAL LAMIN&. 
The neural laminze always form a complete arch, except in the 
greater part (or, as in Man, the whole) of the caudal (coccygeal) 
region, and sometimes, as in him and mostly in the Simdine, in the 
most posterior part of the sacrum. 
They always, except in the sacral and most or all caudal vertebree, 
present the usual zygapophyses, and in some, especially in Galago, 
Lagothriz, and Mycetes, support the peculiar additional processes 
just mentioned (figs. 8, 11, & 2, h). 
They are invariably more or less notched, for the exit of the spinal 
nerves, except in some Nycticebine, where (fig. 12) they are actually 
perforated by them. The increase in antero-posterior extent of the 
neurapophyses in the Jumbar region varies, of course, with that of 
the whole vertebree,—A¢eles differing from the rest of the Cebide 
and from the long-tailed Simiide, and returning towards the Gibbon 
type, in the smallness of this increase. 
In Lemur, and still more in Indris, the cervical neurapophyses 
dispute with the lumbar as to supremacy in antero-posterior deve- 
lopment. 
Sometimes two contiguous neural laminze become anchylosed to- 
gether, as in a skeleton of Loris gracilis (no. 67 a) in the British 
Museum. 
TRANSVERSE PROCESSES. 
The true transverse process attains its maximum of development 
in the lumbar region. 
After contributing to form the sacrum, these true transverse pro- 
cesses reappear as separate parts in the caudal vertebre of all the 
