1865. ] AXIAL SKELETON IN THE PRIMATES. 971 
long-tailed species, dividing in the more posterior caudal vertebrze in 
the way that has been described. 
In Lemur alone, and not always in that genus, a second and more 
posterior transverse process appears in the hinder part of the lumbar 
region, as has already been noticed. 
Sometimes the transverse process becomes much antero-posteriorly 
expanded at its distal end; and sometimes (as in Cheiromys) a back- 
wardly directed process is developed from its posterior margin, similar 
in form and direction to the anapophysis, but external to the latter, 
The mammillary and accessory supplemental processes (7. e. the 
metapophyses and anapophyses), which are more or less visible in 
the dorsal transverse processes, must be separately noticed. 
MeTApopnysss. 
These processes generally attain their maximum of development 
in the lumbar region, and are sometimes with difficulty distinguish- 
able except in that portion of the vertebral column. ‘This is parti- 
cularly the case in Man and the Simiine, though there is consider- 
able variation in this respect. 
In Man these processes, in rare instances, begin to be well marked 
as high up as the tenth dorsal vertebra, sometimes at the eleventh, 
but generally, perhaps, at the twelfth. They are always tolerably 
distinct on the first and second lumbar vertebrze, but sometimes cease 
to be distinguishable at the third lumbar ; in other instances, how- 
ever, they may be distinctly traced throughout the lumbar region. 
In Troglodytes and Simia they become distinct at about the twelfth 
dorsal, remaining visible in all ‘the lumbar vertebree of the Gorilla, 
but generally disappearing at the second or third lumbar in the 
impanzee and Orang, especially in the latter, 
In Hylobates these processes are sometimes already very marked 
in the eleventh dorsal vertebra, sometimes only slightly so even in 
the thirteenth ; they are mostly, but not always, distinct in the 
lumbar region. 
In the great bulk of the order—that is to say, in the Semnopithe- 
cine and in the Cynopithecine (except Inuus), in the Cebide (ex- 
cept AZeles), in the Hapalide, and all the Lemuroidea (except In- 
dris, Tarsius, and the Nycticebine)—they are developed to a more or 
less similar extent, and always to a much greater one than in Man 
and the Simiine ; for they begin to be conspicuous at the eighth or 
ninth dorsal vertebra, though sometimes much earlier ; they mount 
as it were on the summit of the anterior zygapophysis at from the 
tenth to the twelfth, or very rarely thirteenth dorsal vertebra, They 
then continue very marked in the lumbar region, projecting strongly 
upwards and forwards from the summits of the anterior zygapo- 
physes ; they are distinguishable in the sacrum, and are visible, as a 
process more or less distinct from the anterior zygapophysis, in the 
first few caudal vertebre ; but further back they coalesce with, or 
replace, that process. 
In Ateles the metapophyses are’ distinguishable throughout the 
dorsal series, but are very little marked in the lumbar region. 
