~ 
1865.] AXIAL SKELETON IN THE PRIMATES. 577 
tebrze, one on each side of the neural spine (fig. 2,2). Such pro- 
cesses are also found in other forms, e. g. Lagothrix* (fig. 11, A), 
Chrysothrix+, Nyctipithecust, and Hapale§; but they attain their 
maximum in Galago|| (fig. 8, 2), where they exist both in the poste- 
rior dorsal and in the lumbar vertebree, and are very marked, each 
pair of such backwardly projecting processes embracing between 
them the spinous process of the vertebra next behind. These extra 
processes4] are somewhat similar to anapophyses, but are placed 
much higher, being above and within the posterior zygapophyses. 
Now these lumbar extra processes, as they exist in Mycetes, seem 
certainly to be the serial homologues of the lateral parts of the cer- 
vical trifid spines. In Galago there is no cervical spinous process 
whatever, except that of the axis vertebra, which is more or less 
bifid ; yet the cervical neural lamine in that genus develope two 
faintly marked processes on the dorsum of each vertebra, which pro- 
cesses appear to continue backwards (7. e. to be serially homologous 
with) the lateral parts of the spine of the axis, in the same way that 
the extra processes of the cervical vertebree of Mycetes** are evi- 
dently serially homologous with the lateral parts of the spine of the 
axis in that genus. Now, without doubt, the before-mentioned 
lumbar processes of Mycetes are the serial homologues of the cervical 
extra processes and of the lateral parts of the axis-spine ; and there- 
fore the same lumbar processes in Galago are also the serial homo- 
lognes of the faintly marked processes of the cervical neural laminze 
and of the lateral parts of the axis-spine in that genus. 
Thus we have processes backwardly directed, and springing from 
the neurapophyses, which processes attain their maximum in the 
lumbar and third and fourth cervical vertebrze, and appear to be seri- 
ally homologous with the lateral portions of a so-called bifid or 
trifid spine, whether of the axis or of some other vertebra. 
Professor Owen remarks +f, in speaking of the axis of an Australian 
Woman, “ The neural spine is much less developed ; in fact, what 
‘is usually described as the bifurcated spine of the axis seems rather 
* See the skeleton of Lagothriz (no. A 4718 @) in the Museum of the Royal 
Col’ ze of Surgeons, and that in the British Museum (numbered 43 d, 50, 11, 
22, 61). 
t See no. 9326 in the Osteological Collection of the British Museum. These 
processes are present in the last dorsal and first four lumbar vertebrie. 
¢ See the skeleton of NV. vidlosus in the British Museum. 
They are very distinct in the last dorsal and first five lumbar vertebre of 
H, midas (no. 1889a). They are also marked in H. edipus (no. 53 a) and H. 
auritus, all in the Osteological Collection of the British Museum. 
|| See the skeleton of G. adlendi in the British Museum (no. 68 @). 
{| The processes in question are spoken of as “‘ griffelformige Fortsitze”’ by 
Creplin, the German translator of Retzius, in describing the spinal column of 
Callithrix (Chrysothrix?). See Miller’s ‘ Archiv’ for 1849, Heft vi. p. 614. 
** In a Macacus rhesus (no. 309) in the same collection, the spines of the four 
last cervical and first dorsal vertebra show traces of these processes, although 
the spine of the axis is in the same individual quite simple. In a skeleton of a 
Potto (no. 745 a) in the British Museum, there are also faint indications of these 
processes in the fourth; fifth, sixth, and seventh cervical vertebrie. 
tt Osteological Catalogue, vol. ii. p. 807, preparation no. 5187. 
