1865. ] AXIAL SKELETON IN THE PRIMATES. 583 
that of seventh cervical the longest, or equal to the longest of the 
cervical spines; transverse process of third cervical vertebra very 
rarely bifurcating, those of fourth and fifth cervical vertebrae always 
so; relative extent of lumbar region great, that of sacral region very 
small. 
SEMNOPITHECINE. 
In the two genera composing this subfamily we find the greatest 
absolute length of tail existing in the order, also the absolutely longest 
individual caudal vertebree ; there is also generally one bone less to 
the sternum than in the Cynopithecine*, there being mostly but four 
bones interposed between the manubrium and thesxiphoid cartilage. 
CyNOPITHECINE. 
Macacvs. 
In this genus the hypapophyses and chevron bones are more de- 
veloped than in any other of the Simiide. 
Invuvs. 
This form (which, when considering the structure of the spine 
alone, it is convenient to rank as a separate genus) is very distinct from 
the Semnopithecine and from all the other Cynopithecine as regards 
the structure of the posterior end of the vertebral column, though 
Fig. 10. 
Caudal vertebree of Inwus (no. 326) in the British Museum. Nat. size. 
from the atlas to the posterior end of the sacrum it is quite like the 
other Macaques. Thus the most marked characters are—caudal ver- 
tebree from twot to four in number; caudal transverse processes 
* This has been noticed by De Blainville, ‘ Ostéog. Primates,’ p. 22. 
+ Vrolik says two (see /.c. p.10). In the skeleton (no. 32d) in the British 
Museum there are only two caudal vertebre, but the second is evidently com- 
posed of two anchylosed together; it has a very narrow, yet complete, neural 
arch. In the specimen no. 32f, also in the British Museum, there are four 
caudal vertebrae, the two first having complete neural arches. In no. 520 there 
are also four caudals (the two last being anchylosed together), and three have 
each a complete neural arch. 
