1865.] AXIAL SKELETON IN THE PRIMATES. 587 
spine of the ninth dorsal being turned forwards, and there being but 
four bones between the manubrium and the xiphoid cartilage. 
CHRYSOTHRIX. 
Transverse processes of the caudal vertebree undivided, forming a 
long ridge on each side*. Manubrium with a process on each side 
for the first rib ; hyperapophyses in last dorsal and first four lumbar 
vertebreet. 
NYCTIPITHECUS. 
Here the dorsal vertebree are from thirteen to fifteen, the dorsal 
and lumbar yertebree together being generally as many as twenty- 
twot in number ; yet the dorsal region is relatively shorter, as com- 
pared with the other precaudal regions, than in Man, Pithecus, or 
Troglodytes ; on the other hand, the lumbar region is relatively the 
longest in the whole order, the individual lumbar vertebrze being re- 
latively so much elongated. The spines of the lumbar vertebre are 
very much prolonged forwards. 
HAPALID, 
Spine of axis sometimes bifid, that of third cervical vertebra always 
short and simple; transverse process of third cervical vertebra gene- 
rally bifurcating ; spines of cervical vertebrze never arching over for- 
wards; dorsal vertebrze twelve or thirteen in number; tenth dorsal 
spine often turned forwards; sometimes the third caudal vertebra is 
more elongated than the two preceding §, as in the Simiide. Hyper- 
apophyses sometimes present in last dorsal and anterior lumbar ver- 
tebree|| ; transverse processes of lumbar region long, and strongly 
inclined downwards and forwards; sacro-vertebral angle obsolete ; 
spines of lumbar vertebree arching over forwards very strongly. 
LEMUROIDEA. 
This suborder, as has already been said, presents a great variety 
of structure ; and] have not detected 4] any universal characters sepa- 
rating it from the Anthropoidea, though conditions often exist in it 
which are not found in the last. The transverse processes of the atlas 
have almost always their extremities inclined ventrally; and very often 
* Noticed by Wagner, ‘ Amerik. Affen,’ p. 460. 
+ See skeleton (no. 9324) in the British Museum. 
t De Blainville says, 14d. 4+ 81.=22 (/.c. p. 20). Wagner, in ‘ Beitrage zur 
K. der amerik. Affen,’ p. 426, gives the same number in his careful description 
of the osteology of this genus. In the specimen preserved in the Museum of 
the Royal College of Surgeons there are 15d.+71.=22. In W. villosus (no. 
58d) in the British Museum there are only 13 d.+81.=21; and in ™. felinus 
there are 14d. + 81.=22. 
§ E. g. Hapale aurita (nos. 62, 3, 19, 17) in the British Museum. 
|| As in H. midas (no. 1889a) in the British Museum, and H. edipus 
no. 53 a). 
{| Unfortunately I have not been able to meet with a skeleton of any of the 
following genera:—Propithecus, Microrhynchus, Hapalemur, Microcebus, Lepi- 
lemur, and Cheirogaleus. ; 
