564 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 
Whatever may be the truth as to the above, it 1s certainly a fact 
that.these fish can withstand much in the way of adverse conditions, 
and can live for a considerable period out of water so long as the gills 
are kept moist. When it is desired to transport fish from where they 
are caught it is usual for the fishermen merely to load them into the 
bottom of a boat when the distance is not too great. For longer dis- 
tances by water they are usually towed in a live-car. 
When the United States Fish Commission was distributing many 
thousands of young carp every year it became a matter of great impor- 
tance to have some practical method that would be economical as well 
as efficient. ‘The original plan was to send a few fish in a large milk 
can full of water, but this practice was expensive and unsatisfactory. 
Later it was found that the fish could be shipped long distances, requir- 
ing several days or a week for the journey, merely by putting them 
in small pails with only a little water. The usual method was to use 
4 or 6 quart tin pails, in which were placed 15 to 20 young fish 2 to 3 
inches long, with little more than enough water to cover them (see 
McDonald, 1882, and later reports of the Commissioner). This small 
amount of water is kept well aerated by the jostling of the pails in 
transportation and the movements of the fish. In fact, it usually 
becomes foamy, on account of the slime secreted by the fish. I have 
myself used this method with success in shipping young carp from 
Port Clinton, Ohio, to Ann Arbor, Mich., the fish being about two 
days on the way. 
Although carp wiil live so long out of water if the gills are moist, 
or ina small amount of water well aerated, they succumb much more 
quickly to foul water—that is, to water not well aerated, and conse- 
quently charged with carbonic acid or unoxidized organic matter. 
Under such conditions they may usually be seen swimming about with 
their mouths at the surface, a circumstance that is always to be looked 
upon with suspicion by the owner of a carp pond, as it usually means 
that the fish will die unless the conditions are quickly improved. Carp 
are apt to do the same thing when the temperature of the water be- 
comes too high. Of course this action must be distinguished from the 
normal feeding of the fish at the surface. 
FEEDING HABITS AND FOOD. 
Carp are frequently stated to be ‘‘essentially vegetable feeders.” 
It seems to me better to say that they are omnivorous, for I know of 
no food substance which a carp can get into its mouth that it will not 
eat. Since it can not be considered in the ordinary sense a predacious 
fish, however, the animal matter which it can ordinarily obtain is lim- 
ited largely to insect larvee, small crustacea and mollusca, and other’ 
similar small organisms, so that the bulk of its food is undoubtedly in 
most cases vegetable. Carp are often compared to pigs in their feed- 
