180 PROF. W. H. FLOWER ON THE MUSK-DEER. [Mar. 16, 
* In the following characters Moschus agrees entirely with all the 
Pecora and differs from the Tragulina. 
1. The placenta is cotyledonous*, whereas in the Tragulina it is 
diffuse, as in the Suina and T'ylopoda. 
2. There is a complete psalterium or third cavity to the stomach. 
3. The left brachial artery arises from a common innominate 
trunk, instead of coming off separately from the aortic arch as in 
Tragulina, Tylopoda, and Suinat. 
4. The odontoid process of the second cervical vertebra is in the 
form of a crescent hollow above, instead of being a conical tuberosity 
as in Tragulina and Suina. 
5. The auditory bulla is simple and hollow within, instead cf being 
filled with cancellated tissue as in Tragulina, Tylopoda, and Suina. 
6. The outer metacarpal and metatarsal bones are rudimentary, 
and do not extend the entire length of the middle metacarpal and 
metatarsals. 
7. The distal extremity of the fibula is represented by a distinct 
malleolar bone of peculiar shape, articulating with the outer surface 
of the lower end of the tibiat. 
8. The molar and premolar teeth of Moschus are truly Cervine, 
though more compressed throughout the series than in most Deer. 
In consequence of this, the first upper premolar has the inner 
crescentic lobe but little developed; but its presence can be 
distinctly seen in specimens that are not much worn, and there is 
no tendency to that great disparity of breadth between the two 
anterior premolars and the true molars seen in the Tragulina, whose 
teeth retain much of the old Xiphodon type§. 
It is scarcely necessary for the present purpose to enumerate 
numerous minor osteological characters (many of which are pointed 
* For a description of the placenta of Moschus, we are indebted to Pallas 
loc. cit.). 
: +t The only recorded exception to the ordinary origin of the left brachial 
artery in the Pecora is in the Giraffe, where Prof. Owen found that the arch of 
the aorta, after distributing the vessels to the heart itself, gives off first a large 
innominate, which subdivides into the right vertebral artery, the right brachial 
artery, and the common trunk of the two carotids, secondly the left brachial 
artery, thirdly the left vertebral artery (Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. ii. p. 229). 
But Joly and Lavoeat describe, in the Giraffe dissected by them, a common in- 
nominate trunk (or anterior aorta) as in the Ruminants generally, giving off both 
brachials and carotids (“‘ Recherches sur la Giraffe,’ Mém. Soc. dHist. Nat. de 
Strasbourg, t. iii, 1845, p. 103); and Prof. A. H. Garrod informs me that the 
same distribution of the great vessels occurred in two specimens which he had 
examined. 
t In Tragulus the upper part of the fibula is present as a long slender style, 
but the lower end ankyloses at an early age with the tibia. The latter is the 
case with Hyomoschus erassus and H. aquaticus, according to A. Milne-Hdwards ; 
but in a perfectly adult specimen of the last-named animal in the Museum of the 
Royal College of Surgeons, the malleolar bone is still free, though not of the 
very characteristic form it possesses in all true Ruminants. 
§ In all Deer the first upper premolar has three roots, and the crown is formed 
by an inner and outer crescent. In Tragu/us this tooth has but two roots, and 
a simple compressed crown. In Hyomoschus, though the crown resembles that 
of Tragulus, the additional inner root is present. In this respect, as in the 
condition of the fibula, Hyomoschus comes nearer to the Deer than dues Tragulus, 
