1875. ] MR. A. H. GARROD ON CERTAIN PIGEONS. 367 
In the Indian Elephant the stylohyal (s 4) is a thin bone com- 
posed, in the adult male, of a flat portion, 4 inches long, less than 
z inch thick, and very nearly ? inch broad, with parallel sides, obtusely 
truncated at both ends, which are capped with cartilage. In the 
standing animal the position of this portion of the bone is nearly 
vertical. Above, it is closely united to the stylo-temporal region of 
the skull, whilst the lower end gives origin to the digastric muscle. 
From the middle of the anferior border continues onwards the body 
of the bone, at an acute angle with the lower portion of the above- 
described element, downwards and forwards. ‘This is elongately 
triangular in shape, 6 inches long, 2 inch broad at its middle, and 
tapering to a point in front, where it gives attachment to a hardly 
specialized stylohyoid ligament and serves for the origin of the 
stylo-glossus muscle. The interval between the tip of this stylo- 
hyal and the lesser cornu (cartilaginous) of the hyoid bone is 
5 inches, or a little less than the length of the process itself. As it 
descends in its downward and forward course, this tapering stylohyal 
curves slightly on itself, turning a little outwards. 
The accompanying figure (p. 366) will explain the condition. 
The descending digastric process, as it may be termed, may be 
compared to the posteriorly directed process of the stylohyal in the 
Ungulata. It differs from it, however, in one essential particular, 
which is that in the latter it does not give origin to the digastric 
muscle, but only to the stylohyoid; whilst in the Elephant the 
digastric arises from its lower end only, and the stylohyoid from 
the angle formed at its junction with the body of the bone. 
In the Elephant therefore the deficiency of the lateral interme- 
diate elements of the hyoid apparatus permit of a much greater 
movement of the base of the tongue than in the Ungulata, whose 
nearly rigid stylohyals, epihyals, and ceratohyals can allow of 
little more than an antero-posterior movement of the base of the 
tongue, in part of the circle of which the hyo-cranial attachment is 
the centre. 
3. Notes on two Pigeons, Janthenas leucolema and Erythre- 
nas pulcherruna. By A. H. Garxop, B.A., F.Z.S., Pro- 
sector to the Society. 
[Received April 1, 1875. ] 
Since my communication to the Society ‘*On some Points in the 
Anatomy of the Columbe’’*, specimens of two species of this group 
have died in the Gardens, which deserve a passing note. 
Ianthenas leucolema.—The genus to which this bird belongs 
has been, by different authors, placed sometimes in the Columbine 
and at others in the Carpophagine section of the family—the 
number of the rectrices (12, and not 14) having made its position 
uncertain, as its general appearance tends to that of the Fruit-eaters. 
* P.Z.S. 1874, p. 249 et seqq. 
